{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:39:23Z","timestamp":1794220763027,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serum albumin (ALB), one of the most important proteins in human physiology, has the main functions of maintaining plasma oncotic pressure and plasma volume, transporting hormones, vitamins, oligominerals and drugs, and exerting a powerful antioxidant-anti-inflammatory role. Its prognostic value in liver and malabsorption syndromes is well known. In this narrative review, an analysis of the most important studies evaluating the prognostic significance of low serum ALB levels in hospitalized patients was performed. Specifically, the risk in emergency medicine, cardiovascular diseases, Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) infection, nephrology, oncology, and autoimmune rheumatic diseases has been examined to fully explore its clinical value. ALB is a negative acute-phase reactant and the reduction in its serum levels represents a threatening parameter for long-term survival in several clinical settings, and a strong biomarker for a poor prognosis in most diseases. Therefore, clinicians should consider serum ALB as a valuable tool to assess the efficacy of specific therapies, both in hospitalized patients and in chronic follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:32:27Z","timestamp":1694993547000},"page":"6017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":172,"title":["Serum Albumin Levels: A Biomarker to Be Repurposed in Different Disease Settings in Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Gremese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6647-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Varriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6918-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Perniola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Immunology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168, Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Petricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Division, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Ferraccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S102819","article-title":"Human serum albumin homeostasis: A new look at the roles of synthesis, catabolism, renal and gastrointestinal excretion, and the clinical value of serum albumin measurements","volume":"9","author":"Levitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. 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