{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:34:21Z","timestamp":1791509661332,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the myopia prevalence increase worldwide, this study aims to establish the most relevant risk factors associated with its development and progression. A review search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the main myopia risk factors. The inclusion criteria for the articles were those related to the topic, carried out in subjects from 5 to 30 years, published between January 2000 and May 2023, in English, and with the full text available. Myopia etiology has proven to be associated with both genetic and environmental factors as well as with gene\u2013environment interaction. The risk of developing myopia increases in children with myopic parents (one parent \u00d72 times, two parents \u00d75 times). Regarding environmental factors, education is the main risk factor correlated with myopia prevalence increase. Further, several studies found that shorter distance (&lt;30 cm) and longer time spent (&gt;30 min) for near work increase the risk of myopia. Meanwhile, increased outdoor activity (&gt;40 min\/day) has been shown to be a key factor in reducing myopia incidence. In conclusion, the interventional strategy suggested so far to reduce myopia incidence is an increase in time outdoors and a reduction in the time spent performing near-work tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T23:17:20Z","timestamp":1695165440000},"page":"6062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Risk Factors for Myopia: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avanza Ophthalmology Clinic, 46007 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Bueno-Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gen\u00e9-Sampedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008","article-title":"Homeostasis of Eye Growth and the Question of Myopia","volume":"43","author":"Wallman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02470.x","article-title":"Change in Vision Disorders among Hong Kong Preschoolers in 10 Years","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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