{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:24:34Z","timestamp":1773750274274,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Sant\u00e9 (FRQ-S)","award":["950-210762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-210762"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec-Sant\u00e9 (FRQ-S)","award":["950-231039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-231039"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Clinical Cyberpsychology","award":["950-210762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-210762"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Clinical Cyberpsychology","award":["950-231039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-231039"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al affili\u00e9 au CR-IUSMM","award":["950-210762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-210762"]}]},{"name":"Fondation de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de sant\u00e9 mentale de Montr\u00e9al affili\u00e9 au CR-IUSMM","award":["950-231039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-231039"]}]},{"name":"institute savoir Montfort for a pilot project","award":["950-210762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-210762"]}]},{"name":"institute savoir Montfort for a pilot project","award":["950-231039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-231039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>State Social Physique Anxiety (SPA), in contrast to Trait SPA, is triggered by specific situations that elicit SPA. To date, no research has used virtual reality (VR) to recreate a situation that may elicit State SPA. The purpose of this study is to validate a virtual environment (VE) that simulates an anxiogenic situation to induce State SPA in women with obesity and high SPA. The high SPA group consisted of 25 self-identified women living with obesity and high Trait SPA. The low SPA group consisted of 20 self-identified women with low SPA. All participants were immersed in a virtual swimming pool environment for 10 min using a virtual reality headset. After the immersion, State SPA and fear of being negatively judged felt during immersion were measured with self-report questionnaires. A questionnaire assessing unwanted negative side effects was administered before and after the immersion. Using an ANCOVA with Trait SPA as covariate, State SPA was found to be significantly higher in the high SPA group. Fear of being judged negatively was also significantly higher in the high SPA group. Unwanted negative side effects scores did not increase post-immersion in either group. This study documents the validity of a novel VE for inducing State SPA in women with obesity and high SPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T01:32:50Z","timestamp":1695173570000},"page":"6065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Validation of a Virtual Environment to Induce State Social Physique Anxiety in Women with Obesity and Social Physique Anxiety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Jeanningros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychoeducation and Psychology Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4874-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Baillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Health School, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), 283 Boul. Alexandre-Tach\u00e9, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"},{"name":"Psychosocial Medicine Research Center, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux de l\u2019Outaouais (CISSSO), Gatineau, QC J8T 4J3, Canada"},{"name":"Institut du Savoir de Montfort-Research Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al IUSMM, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Rivard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Aim\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychoeducation and Psychology Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychoeducation and Psychology Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"},{"name":"Psychosocial Medicine Research Center, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux de l\u2019Outaouais (CISSSO), Gatineau, QC J8T 4J3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.11.1.94","article-title":"Tie Measurement of Social Physique Anxiety","volume":"11","author":"Hart","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Sport. Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001699","article-title":"Social fears and social phobia in the USA: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"38","author":"Ruscio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12355","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12355","article-title":"Biopsychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary time in adults with severe obesity","volume":"10","author":"Baillot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2019.1674899","article-title":"Influence of a 16-Week Weight Loss Program and Social Physique Anxiety on Program Success and Subjective Well-Being in Obese, Sedentary Women","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200490260026","article-title":"Self-Presentation and Exercise","volume":"16","author":"Hausenblas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sport. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.20.2.218","article-title":"Determinants of physical activity in a sedentary, obese female population","volume":"20","author":"Treasure","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sport. Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzman, M.A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., and Van Ameringen, M. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-S1-S1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.07.007","article-title":"The treatment of social anxiety disorder","volume":"24","author":"Rodebaugh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.1.269","article-title":"That Swimsuit Becomes You: Sex Differences in Self-Objedification, Restrained Eating, and Math Performance","volume":"75","author":"Fredrickson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9962","article-title":"Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias","volume":"10","author":"Botella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.184234","article-title":"Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A three-arm randomised controlled trial","volume":"210","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2023.101851","article-title":"Virtual reality interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A scoping review","volume":"81","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.08.003","article-title":"Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"61","author":"Carl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, Y., Nefs, H.T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., and Brinkman, W.P. (2014). A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096144"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001690","article-title":"Meta-analysis of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder","volume":"53","author":"Morina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00676-w","article-title":"How the physical appearance of companions affects females with high or low social physique anxiety: A virtual reality exercise study","volume":"27","author":"Kroon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Riva, G., Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J., Dakanalis, A., and Ferrer-Garc\u00eda, M. (2019). Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibz068","article-title":"Advancing science and practice using immersive virtual reality: What behavioral medicine has to offer","volume":"9","author":"Persky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.10.001","article-title":"Construct validation of a state version of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale among young women","volume":"8","author":"Murru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204264052","article-title":"The swimsuit becomes us all: Ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification","volume":"30","author":"Hebl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"127","article-title":"Side effects of immersions in virtual reality for people suffering from anxiety disorders","volume":"2","author":"Bouchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. CyberTherapy Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739742","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.739742","article-title":"Arguing in Favor of Revising the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire Factor Structure When Assessing Side Effects Induced by Immersions in Virtual Reality","volume":"12","author":"Bouchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.19.4.359","article-title":"Is the Social Physique Anxiety Scale Really Multidimensional? Conceptual and Statistical Arguments for a Unidimensional Model","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sport. Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.09.005","article-title":"Measuring internalized weight attitudes across body weight categories: Validation of the Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale","volume":"11","author":"Pearl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.06.002","article-title":"The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Avalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343612","article-title":"A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory","volume":"10","author":"Lessiter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Field, A.P. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics: And Sex and Drugs and Rock \u2018n\u2019 Roll, SAGE."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.01.007","article-title":"Clinical validation of a virtual environment for normalizing eating patterns in eating disorders","volume":"54","author":"Roncero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruscella, J.J., and Obeid, M.F. (June, January 17). A Taxonomy for Immersive Experience Design. Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), Eureka, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/iLRN52045.2021.9459328"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2014.904392","article-title":"Social physique anxiety experiences in physical activity: A comprehensive synthesis of research studies focused on measurement, theory, and predictors and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Sabiston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport. Exerc. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/6065\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:54:10Z","timestamp":1760129650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/18\/6065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12186065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12186065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}