{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:52:50Z","timestamp":1789638770073,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol-related cognitive disorders have long been an area of study, yet they continue to pose challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of underlying neuropsychiatric mechanisms. The present article offers a comprehensive review of Wernicke\u2019s Encephalopathy and Korsakoff\u2019s Syndrome, two conditions often seen on a continuum of alcohol-related brain damage. Drawing on current medical literature, neuroimaging studies, and clinical case reports, we explore the neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological profiles, symptomatology, and differential diagnoses of these disorders. We delve into the biochemical pathways implicated in the development of WE and KS, notably thiamine deficiency and its impact on neurotransmitter systems and neural networks. The article also addresses the challenges in early diagnosis, often complicated by non-specific symptoms and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, we review the current state of treatment protocols, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Finally, the article highlights gaps in current knowledge and suggests directions for future research to improve diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes. Understanding the nuanced interplay between the neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological aspects of WE and KS is crucial for both clinicians and researchers alike, in order to provide effective treatment and to advance our understanding of these complex conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:16:49Z","timestamp":1695331009000},"page":"6101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Neuropsychiatric and Neuropsychological Aspects of Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders: An In-Depth Review of Wernicke\u2019s Encephalopathy and Korsakoff\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucian","family":"Eva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix-Mircea","family":"Brehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7730-338X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan-Alexandru","family":"Florian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razvan-Adrian","family":"Covache-Busuioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horia Petre","family":"Costin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3213-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David-Ioan","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan-Gabriel","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca-Andrei","family":"Glavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Vlad","family":"Ciurea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-012-9205-2","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy and Korsakoff\u2019s syndrome revisited","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. 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