{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:06:05Z","timestamp":1792814765438,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["514598754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["514598754"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["374031971-TRR240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374031971-TRR240"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["GR 2232\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR 2232\/9-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["SCHO 2052\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHO 2052\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["TH 2320\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TH 2320\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["514598754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["514598754"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["374031971-TRR240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["374031971-TRR240"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["GR 2232\/9-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR 2232\/9-1"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["SCHO 2052\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHO 2052\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["TH 2320\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TH 2320\/3-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An effective worldwide vaccination campaign started and is still being carried out in the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While vaccines are great tools to confront the pandemic, predominantly adenoviral vector-based vaccines can cause a rare severe adverse effect, termed vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT), in about 1 in 100,000 vaccinated individuals. VITT is diagnosed 5\u201330 days post-vaccination and clinically characterized by thrombocytopenia, strongly elevated D-dimer levels, platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies and thrombosis, especially at atypical sites such as the cerebral venous sinus and\/or splanchnic veins. There are striking similarities between heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and VITT. Both are caused by anti-PF4 antibodies, causing platelet and leukocyte activation which results in massive thrombo-inflammation. However, it is still to be determined why PF4 becomes immunogenic in VITT and which constituent of the vaccine triggers the immune response. As VITT-like syndromes are increasingly reported in patients shortly after viral infections, direct virus-PF4 interactions might be most relevant. Here we summarize the current information and hypotheses on the pathogenesis of VITT and address in vivo models, especially murine models for further studies on VITT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T05:32:45Z","timestamp":1695360765000},"page":"6126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT)\u2014Insights from Clinical Cases, In Vitro Studies and Murine Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkata A. S.","family":"Dabbiru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Transfusionsmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7942-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Transfusionsmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6660-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Sch\u00f6nborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Transfusionsmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Transfusionsmedizin, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198114","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report","volume":"288","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of VITT","volume":"59","author":"Pai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. 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