{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:40Z","timestamp":1787028640297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Studies on risk factors for primary intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) focus on short-term predictive values of distinct clinical parameters or computed tomography (CT) markers and disregard the others. We, therefore, studied independent predictive values of demographic, clinical, and CT markers regarding ICH expansion, late ICH recurrence, and late mortality. Methods: In a retrospective study of 288 patients with primary ICH, ICH localization (158 lobar, 81 deep, and 49 cerebellar), volume, blend sign, spot sign, finger-like projections, and subarachnoid haemorrhages were evaluated. ICH localization-specific differences for demographic (age, sex), clinical parameters (vascular risk factors, antiplatelet, and anticoagulation therapy), and CT markers were evaluated using logistic regression. We applied Cox proportional hazards modelling using these parameters to predict risk factors for ICH expansion, late ICH recurrence, and late mortality. Results: The blend sign in lobar ICH relates to increased risk of ICH expansion (HR2.3), late ICH recurrence (HR2.3), and mortality (HR1.6). Age, conditions requiring antiplatelet medication, deep ICH localization, volume, and blend sign represented the most important independent factors impacting overall mortality. Conclusions: Blend sign at baseline ICH is a manifestation of underlying detrimental vascular processes that signal increased ICH expansion risk, although is also indicative of long-term risks for late recurrent ICH and late mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"6131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Blend Sign and Haemorrhage Location and Volume Predict Late Recurrence and Mortality in Intracerebral Haemorrhage Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9484-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Niklas","family":"Kuschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Klai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Chahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Perosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Assmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-1677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"D\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Luchtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven G\u00fcnther","family":"Meuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Vielhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9103-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solveig","family":"Henneicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-4374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60371-8","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"373","author":"Qureshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019830589","article-title":"Location-specific differences in hematoma volume predict outcomes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Ironside","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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