{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:45:19Z","timestamp":1791582319097,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most severe complication caused by the progression of chronic venous insufficiency. They account for approximately 70\u201390% of all chronic leg ulcers (CLUs). A total of 1% of the Western population will suffer at some time in their lives from a VLU. Furthermore, most CLUs are VLUs, defined as chronic leg wounds that show no tendency to heal after three months of appropriate treatment or are still not fully healed at 12 months. The essential feature of VLUs is their recurrence. VLUs also significantly impact quality of life and could cause social isolation and depression. They also have a significant avoidable economic burden. It is estimated that the treatment of venous ulceration accounts for around 3% of the total expenditure on healthcare. A VLU-free world is a highly desirable aim but could be challenging to achieve with the current knowledge of the pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutical protocols. To decrease the incidence of VLUs, the long-term goal must be to identify high-risk patients at an early stage of chronic venous disease and initiate appropriate preventive measures. This review discusses the epidemiology, socioeconomic burden, pathophysiology, diagnosis, modes of conservative and invasive treatment, and prevention of VLUs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"6153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["No More Venous Ulcers\u2014What More Can We Do?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Stanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"},{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7639-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Mosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Angiology Department, MD Barbantini Clinic, Via del Calcio 2, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temirov","family":"Nematillaevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Specialized Surgery, Central Hospital of Ministry of Internal Affairs, Chimboy St. 2 A, Almazar District, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Valesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Planin\u0161ek Ru\u010digaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dermatovenereological Clinic, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Gradiskova 10 Street, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malika","family":"Boucelma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Algiers, Bachir Mentouri Hospital, Algiers 16208, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Marakomichelakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Evangelismos, 16676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Portiuncula University Hospital, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Support Association of Patients of Buerger\u2019s Disease, Buerger\u2019s Disease NGO, Mashhad 9183785195, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariella","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Clinical Sciences L Sacco Hospital, Inter-University Research Center on Vascular Disease, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malay","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Independent Research and Education, European Foundation, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"VAS-International Consortium\u2014International No More Venous Ulcers Strategic Network, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Apollo CVHF, Heart Institute, Ahmedabad 380059, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.09.027","article-title":"American Venous Forum International Ad Hoc Committee for Revision of the CEAP 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