{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T10:56:39Z","timestamp":1768906599225,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Various types of vagus nerve stimulation are employed in the treatment of a range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, epilepsy, headache, tinnitus, atrial fibrillation, schizophrenia, and musculoskeletal pain. The objective of this study was to apply vagal stimulation to the neck area using standardised cold, and then analyse the level of vascular access discomfort experienced by individuals who underwent venous cannulation from the dorsal side of the hand prior to anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 patients, aged 18\u201375, who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery, were categorised into three distinct groups: the Sham group (Group S), the Control group (Group K), and the Cold group (Group M), with each group consisting of 60 individuals. Bilateral cold application to the lateral side of the neck was performed prior to the commencement of vascular access in Group M patients, followed by the subsequent opening of vascular access. The alterations in heart rate among patients was assessed subsequent to the application of cold and following the establishment of vascular access. The participants were instructed to assess their level of vascular access pain on a numerical pain scale (NRS) ranging from 0 to 10. Results: A statistically significant difference (p = 0.035) was seen when comparing the pain ratings of patients during vascular access. The study revealed that the NRS values exhibited a statistically significant decrease in Group M compared to both Group K (p = 0.038) and Group S (p = 0.048). Group M had a higher prevalence of individuals experiencing mild pain compared to other groups, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.029). In Group M, the average heart rate following vagal stimulation exhibited a statistically significant decrease compared to the average heart rate observed at the beginning of the study (p &lt; 0.05). Upon comparing the original heart rate measurements with the heart rate values following vascular access, it was observed that there was an elevation in heart rate for both Group S and Group K. Conversely, Group M exhibited a decrease in heart rate after vascular access when compared to the initial heart rate values. Conclusions: In the present investigation, it was discovered that the application of cold to the neck region resulted in a drop in heart rate among the patients, which persisted throughout the process of vascular access. Furthermore, the level of pain experienced by these individuals was reduced during vascular access procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1695966493000},"page":"6273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Effect of Cold Application to the Lateral Neck Area on Peripheral Vascular Access Pain: A Randomised Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senay","family":"Canikli Ad\u0131g\u00fczel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilan","family":"Akyurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","family":"\u00dcltan \u00d6zgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"Bahad\u0131r Altun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleyna","family":"\u00c7ak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"S\u00fcren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun University, 55090 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Okan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u0130stanbul Medeniyet University, 34720 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122","article-title":"The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"236","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjao.2022.100017","article-title":"Trans-auricular vagus nerve stimulation to reduce perioperative pain and morbidity: Protocol for a single-blind analyser-masked randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJA Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/19\/6273\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:14Z","timestamp":1760130074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/19\/6273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12196273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12196273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}