{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:47:24Z","timestamp":1793159244519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Zealand Health Research Council","award":["R56 DK126935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DK126935"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R56 DK126935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DK126935"]}]},{"name":"Royal Australasian College of Surgeons John Mitchell Crouch Fellowship","award":["R56 DK126935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 DK126935"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic gastroduodenal symptoms are prevalent worldwide, and there is a need for new diagnostic and treatment approaches. Several overlapping processes may contribute to these symptoms, including gastric dysmotility, hypersensitivity, gut\u2013brain axis disorders, gastric outflow resistance, and duodenal inflammation. Gastric Alimetry\u00ae (Alimetry, New Zealand) is a non-invasive test for evaluating gastric function that combines body surface gastric mapping (high-resolution electrophysiology) with validated symptom profiling. Together, these complementary data streams enable important new clinical insights into gastric disorders and their symptom correlations, with emerging therapeutic implications. A comprehensive database has been established, currently comprising &gt; 2000 Gastric Alimetry tests, including both controls and patients with various gastroduodenal disorders. From studies employing this database, this paper presents a systematic methodology for Gastric Alimetry test interpretation, together with an extensive supporting literature review. Reporting is grouped into four sections: Test Quality, Spectral Analysis, Symptoms, and Conclusions. This review compiles, assesses, and evaluates each of these aspects of test assessment, with discussion of relevant evidence, example cases, limitations, and areas for future work. The resultant interpretation methodology is recommended for use in clinical practice and research to assist clinicians in their use of Gastric Alimetry as a diagnostic aid and is expected to continue to evolve with further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:14:04Z","timestamp":1696918444000},"page":"6436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gastric Alimetry\u00ae Test Interpretation in Gastroduodenal Disorders: Review and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daphne","family":"Foong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Calder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Alimetry Ltd., Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Schamberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alimetry Ltd., Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Daker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, North Shore Hospital, Auckland 0620, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armen A.","family":"Gharibans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Alimetry Ltd., Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Alimetry Ltd., Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12289","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Gastroparesis-like Symptoms as Defined by the United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) Consensus on Gastroparesis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"United Eur. 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