{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:35:01Z","timestamp":1760150101226,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We present a case series of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder (NECB) to analyse their radiologic appearance on CT, find a \u201cRadiomic signature\u201d, and review the current literature. Methods: 14 CT cases of NECB were reviewed and compared with a control group of 42 patients with high-grade non-neuroendocrine bladder neoplasm for the following parameters: ring enhancement; implantation site; dimensions; density; margins; central necrosis; calcifications; number of lesions; wall thickness; depth of invasion in the soft tissue; invasion of fat tissue; invasion of adjacent organs; lymph-node involvement; abdominal organ metastasis. To extract radiomic features, volumes of interest of bladder lesions were manually delineated on the portal-venous phase. The radiomic features of the two groups were identified and compared. Results: Statistical differences among NECB and control group were found in the prevalence of male sex (100% vs. 69.0%), hydronephrosis (71.4% vs. 33.3%), mean density of the mass (51.01 \u00b1 15.48 vs. 76.27 \u00b1 22.26 HU); product of the maximum diameters on the axial plane (38.1 \u00b1 59.3 vs. 14.44 \u00b1 12.98 cm2) in the control group, trigonal region involvement (78.57% vs. 19.05%). About the radiomic features, Student\u2019s t-test showed significant correlation for the variables: \u201cDependenceNonUniformity\u201d (p: 0.048), \u201cJointAverage\u201d (p: 0.013), \u201cLargeAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis\u201d (p: 0.014), \u201cMaximum2DDiameterColumn\u201d (p: 0.04), \u201cMaximum 2DDiameterSlice\u201d (p: 0.007), \u201cMeanAbsoluteDeviation\u201d (p: 0.021), \u201cBoundingBoxA\u201d (p: 0.022) and \u201cCenterOfMassB\u201d (p: 0.007). Conclusions: There is a typical pattern (male patient, large mass, trigonal area involvement) of NECB presentation on contrast-enhanced CT. Certain morphological characteristics and encouraging results about Radiomic features can help define the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12206510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:04:39Z","timestamp":1697191479000},"page":"6510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: CT Findings and Radiomics Signature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3840-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Coppola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0530-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonia","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo Maria","family":"Pini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Scordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School of Radiology Technician, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Piacentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Minici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-0140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Hospital Mater Domini, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University Hospital \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0453-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Deh\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Urology Unit, CircoloHospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5260-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Carcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Franzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Patology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Uccella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Patology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26197","article-title":"A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis of small cell carcinoma of the bladder: Epidemiology, prognostic variables, and treatment trends","volume":"117","author":"Koay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131201141346","article-title":"The neuroendocrine component in bladder 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