{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:17:07Z","timestamp":1780049827924,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cordocentesis is used in clinical situations in which lower-risk diagnostic procedures do not deliver the desired results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk for procedure-related complications and fetal loss in correlation to maternal risk factors. Methods: This is a multicenter retrospective study investigating the complications, risk factors and perinatal outcome of diagnostic cordocentesis between 1998 and 2019 in three different centers. Results: A total of 1806 cordocenteses were performed and procedure-related complications (IUFD within 48 h, contractions, bradycardia, unsuccessful puncture, chorioamniotic separation) were noted in 1.6% of cases. Fetuses with chromosomal aberrations, intrauterine growth restriction and hydropic fetuses had a significantly higher rate of fetal loss compared to other indications. Fetal blood sampling (FBS) performed before 17+0 weeks of gestation was associated with a higher risk of procedure-related complications. Maternal BMI \u2265 40 increased the risk for fetal loss, whereas maternal age, number of previous miscarriages, number of previous abortions, history of vaginal bleeding or nicotine abuse did not affect the risk for complications or overall fetal loss rate. Conclusions: In the hands of experienced operators, FBS is a safe way to further fetal diagnostics, and the risk of complications is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1698672007000},"page":"6841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal Risk Factors and Their Effect on Outcome and Procedure-Related Complications in Cordocentesis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Kosian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Philipp","family":"Gloning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pr\u00e4natal-Medizin M\u00fcnchen, 80639 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Germer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Medicine, St. Josef Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Strizek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prenatal Medicine and Gynecologic Sonography, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Gembruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annegret","family":"Geipel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Berry, S.M., Stone, J., Norton, M.E., Johnson, D., and Berghella, V. (2013). Fetal blood sampling. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 209, 170\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.07.014"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e28947","article-title":"A Rare and Challenging Case of Refractory Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia","volume":"14","author":"Celentano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"387.e381","article-title":"Intrahepatic vein for fetal blood sampling: One center\u2019s experience","volume":"198","author":"Holcroft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1998.tb00083.x","article-title":"Intrahepatic vein fetal blood sampling: Current role in prenatal diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Chinnaiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2916","article-title":"Effect of placenta penetration during cordocentesis at mid-pregnancy on fetal outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Boupaijit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21980","article-title":"Cordocentesis-associated fetal loss and risk factors: Single-center experience with 6650 cases","volume":"56","author":"Tanvisut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000020849","article-title":"Detection and measurement of fetomaternal hemorrhage following diagnostic cordocentesis","volume":"13","author":"Chitrit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000502","article-title":"Second-trimester cordocentesis and the risk of small for gestational age and preterm birth","volume":"124","author":"Tongsong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000232512.46869.fc","article-title":"Chorionic villus sampling compared with amniocentesis and the difference in the rate of pregnancy loss","volume":"108","author":"Caughey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14636","article-title":"Procedure-related risk of miscarriage following amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Akolekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318162eb53","article-title":"Revisiting the fetal loss rate after second-trimester genetic amniocentesis: A single center\u2019s 16-year experience","volume":"111","author":"Odibo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(200003)20:3<247::AID-PD794>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Genetic amniocentesis in women 20\u201334 years old: Associated risks","volume":"20","author":"Antsaklis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318248f90f","article-title":"Effect of maternal obesity on the risk of fetal loss after amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling","volume":"119","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nohr, E.A., Wolff, S., Kirkegaard, H., Wu, C., Andersen, A.N., Olsen, J., and Bech, B.H. (2021). Cause-Specific Stillbirth and Neonatal Death According to Prepregnancy Obesity and Early Gestational Weight Gain: A Study in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051676"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Risk factors predisposing to fetal loss following a second trimester amniocentesis","volume":"108","author":"Papantoniou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(08)60011-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the results of cordocentesis","volume":"46","author":"Acar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.01.005","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cordocentesis for prenatal diagnosis","volume":"93","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970151103","article-title":"Complications of cordocentesis in high-risk pregnancies: Effects on fetal loss or preterm delivery","volume":"15","author":"Bernaschek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1836","article-title":"Cordocentesis in multifetal pregnancies","volume":"27","author":"Tongprasert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/21\/6841\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:56Z","timestamp":1760130836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/21\/6841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12216841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12216841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]}}}