{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:18:15Z","timestamp":1792034295171,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A3071587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A3071587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the efficacy of personalized neuromodulation, where treatment modalities are chosen based on the patient\u2019s responses in a pilot trial. A total of 71 patients with tinnitus were divided into two groups: a personalized group and a randomized neuromodulation group. In the personalized group (n = 35), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) were assessed in a pilot trial, and responsive modalities were administered to 16 patients, while the non-responders (n = 19) were randomly assigned to rTMS, tDCS, or combined modalities. Patients in the randomized group (n = 36) were randomly allocated to rTMS, tDCS, or combined modalities. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score improvement after 10 sessions of each neuromodulation was significantly greater in the personalized group than in the randomized group (p = 0.043), with no significant differences in tinnitus loudness, distress, or awareness. The treatment success rate was highest in the personalized responder subgroup (92.3%), and significantly greater than that in the non-responder subgroup (53.0%; p = 0.042) and the randomized group (56.7%; p = 0.033). Personalized neuromodulation, where the treatment modality is chosen based on the patient\u2019s responses in a pilot trial, is an advantageous strategy for treating tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12226987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T07:02:05Z","timestamp":1699426925000},"page":"6987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Personalized Neuromodulation: A Novel Strategy for Improving Tinnitus Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Yeon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Seong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Hwi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Joon","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647285","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.647285","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Tinnitus Research: Challenges and Future Directions From the Perspective of Early Stage Researchers","volume":"13","author":"Simoes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00053","article-title":"The neuroscience of tinnitus: Understanding abnormal and normal auditory perception","volume":"6","author":"Eggermont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.029","article-title":"The neural correlates of tinnitus-related distress","volume":"52","author":"Vanneste","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.010","article-title":"The neuroscience of tinnitus","volume":"27","author":"Eggermont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200504040-00008","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging measure of automatic and controlled auditory processing","volume":"16","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2967-05.2006","article-title":"Listening in silence activates auditory areas: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"26","author":"Voisin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.014","article-title":"Non-invasive neuromodulation for tinnitus: A meta-analysis and modeling studies","volume":"14","author":"Doyon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489417744317","article-title":"Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With Tinnitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"100010","article-title":"Change in EEG Activity is Associated with a Decrease in Tinnitus Awareness after rTMS","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol. Neurosci. Res"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2021.01.007","article-title":"Auditory cortex hyperconnectivity before rTMS is correlated with tinnitus improvement","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1313461","article-title":"Electric field-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic tinnitus: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Sahlsten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48750-9","article-title":"RTMS parameters in tinnitus trials: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Schoisswohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6037-6","article-title":"Short- and long-lasting tinnitus relief induced by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"258","author":"Garin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00053","article-title":"Editorial: Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Cederroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)66041-5","article-title":"Tinnitus activities treatment","volume":"166","author":"Tyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00086","article-title":"Short-Term Tinnitus Suppression With Electric-Field Guided rTMS for Individualizing rTMS Treatment: A Technical Feasibility Report","volume":"11","author":"Schoisswohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoisswohl, S., Langguth, B., Hebel, T., Abdelnaim, M.A., Volberg, G., and Schecklmann, M. (2021). Heading for Personalized rTMS in Tinnitus: Reliability of Individualized Stimulation Protocols in Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.11.21249600"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoisswohl, S., Langguth, B., Hebel, T., Vielsmeier, V., Abdelnaim, M.A., and Schecklmann, M. (2022). Personalization of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Subjective Tinnitus. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020203"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00126","article-title":"Individualized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment in Chronic Tinnitus?","volume":"8","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S.H., Moon, S.J., Lee, J.G., Yim, Y.K., Oh, H.S., Han, D.H., and Moon, I.S. (2021). Comparison of Treatment Outcome between Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Transcutaneous Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Intractable Tinnitus. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040635"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00160","article-title":"Single-Session of Combined tDCS-TMS May Increase Therapeutic Effects in Subjects With Tinnitus","volume":"11","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007","article-title":"Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory","volume":"122","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103719","article-title":"The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is a better indicator of the overall status of patients with tinnitus than the Numerical Rating Scale","volume":"44","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24722","article-title":"Long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in unilateral tinnitus","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.105007","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on chronic tinnitus: A randomised, crossover, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"78","author":"Rossi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e356","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effect of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Tinnitus Management","volume":"9","author":"Galal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Asian J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00011","article-title":"Predictors for rTMS response in chronic tinnitus","volume":"6","author":"Lehner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221102082","article-title":"Is There an Optimal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Target to Treat Chronic Tinnitus?","volume":"168","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, T., Yadollahpour, A., Salgado-Ram\u00edrez, J., Robles-Camarillo, D., and Ortega-Palacios, R. (2018). Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus: A review of clinical trials and mechanisms of action. BMC Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-018-0467-3"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3642-5","article-title":"Therapeutic impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on tinnitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"273","author":"Soleimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427941","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/427941","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in tinnitus patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2012","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312459908","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation intensity and duration effects on tinnitus suppression","volume":"27","author":"Shekhawat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313508655","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Hearing Aids for Tinnitus Management","volume":"28","author":"Shekhawat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teismann, H., Wollbrink, A., Okamoto, H., Schlaug, G., Rudack, C., and Pantev, C. (2014). Combining transcranial direct current stimulation and tailor-made notched music training to decrease tinnitus-related distress--a pilot study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089904"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e6","article-title":"Safety Review for Clinical Application of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2016.12.003","article-title":"Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: A review","volume":"2","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2021.01.021","article-title":"The more the merrier? Preliminary results regarding treatment duration and stimulation frequency of multisite repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic tinnitus","volume":"262","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100074","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100074","article-title":"Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression: The evidence thus far","volume":"32","author":"Somani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.10.041","article-title":"Simultaneous stimulation using rTMS and tDCS produces the most effective modulation of motor cortical excitability in healthy subjects: A pilot study","volume":"694","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/22\/6987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:19:22Z","timestamp":1760131162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/22\/6987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12226987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12226987","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}}}