{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:12:32Z","timestamp":1788210752781,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is the most frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmia observed in patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. The purpose of the present review is to delve into the occurrence of NOAF in COVID-19 and thoroughly review recent, pertinent data. However, the causality behind this connection has yet to be thoroughly explored. The proposed mechanisms that could contribute to the development of AF in these patients include myocardial damage resulting from direct virus-induced cardiac injury, potentially leading to perimyocarditis; a cytokine crisis and heightened inflammatory response; hypoxemia due to acute respiratory distress; disturbances in acid-base and electrolyte levels; as well as the frequent use of adrenergic drugs in critically ill patients. Additionally, secondary bacterial sepsis and septic shock have been suggested as primary causes of NOAF in ICU patients. This notion gains strength from the observation of a similar prevalence of NOAF in septic non-COVID ICU patients with ARDS. It is plausible that both myocardial involvement from SARS-CoV-2 and secondary sepsis play pivotal roles in the onset of arrhythmia in ICU patients. Nonetheless, there exists a significant variation in the prevalence of NOAF among studies focused on severe COVID-19 cases with ARDS. This discrepancy could be attributed to the inclusion of mixed populations with varying degrees of illness severity, encompassing not only patients in general wards but also those admitted to the ICU, whether intubated or not. Furthermore, the occurrence of NOAF is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. However, it remains to be determined whether NOAF independently influences outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients or if it merely reflects the disease\u2019s severity. Lastly, the management of NOAF in these patients has not been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the current guidelines for NOAF in non-COVID ICU patients appear to be effective, while accounting for the specific drugs used in COVID-19 treatment that may prolong the QT interval (although drugs like lopinavir\/ritonavir, hydrochlorothiazide, and azithromycin have been discontinued) or induce bradycardia (e.g., remdesivir).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12226989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1699501360000},"page":"6989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George E.","family":"Zakynthinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Vavouranakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerasimos","family":"Siasos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epaminondas","family":"Zakynthinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30161-2","article-title":"Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Challenges and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Phua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy","volume":"323","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: A prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100631","article-title":"COVID-19 associated atrial fibrillation: Incidence, putative mechanisms and potential clinical implications","volume":"30","author":"Hohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuaa019","article-title":"The peak levels of highly sensitive troponin I predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with cardiac injury: A retrospective study","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1083LE","article-title":"Are Patients with COVID-19 Dying of or with Cardiac Injury?","volume":"202","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.001","article-title":"Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Siripanthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317186","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and troponin: Indirect myocardial injury, myocardial inflammation or myocarditis?","volume":"106","author":"Imazio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.01.039","article-title":"Frequency of Atrial Arrhythmia in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19","volume":"147","author":"Yarmohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.06.015","article-title":"Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"78","author":"Angeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.06.016","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"17","author":"Bhatla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009040","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009040","article-title":"New-Onset Cardiac Arrhythmias during COVID-19 Hospitalization","volume":"13","author":"Iacopino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.05.015","article-title":"Atrial Arrhythmias in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"6","author":"Colon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City","volume":"382","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00454-2","article-title":"Arrhythmia in COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Rasekhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2702.203729","article-title":"Symptom Profiles and Progression in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease, Colorado, USA, 2020","volume":"27","author":"Vahey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.03.040","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in the ICU","volume":"154","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05633-x","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in adult critically ill patients: A scoping review","volume":"45","author":"Wetterslev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.09.034","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation during hospitalization","volume":"64","author":"Walkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.03.051","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients and its association with mortality: A report from the FROG-ICU study","volume":"266","author":"Arrigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.06.006","article-title":"Secondary bacterial infections are a leading factor triggering New Onset Atrial Fibrillation in intubated ICU COVID-19 ARDS patients","volume":"15","author":"Zakynthinos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9057","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic impact of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with septic shock: A prospective observational study","volume":"14","author":"Meierhenrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066608315838","article-title":"Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Salman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000114579.56430.E0","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of atrial fibrillation in a surgical intensive care unit","volume":"32","author":"Seguin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.08.002","article-title":"COVID-19 infection and cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"30","author":"Manolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0413-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Nishiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000744","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200457","DOI":"10.4022\/jafib.20200457","article-title":"Incidence and Prognostic Impact of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Severe Covid-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Kanthasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atr. Fibrillation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10760296231156178","DOI":"10.1177\/10760296231156178","article-title":"Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter Cohort Study\u2014New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation and COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Kensara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12619","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"37","author":"Ergan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romiti, G.F., Corica, B., Lip, G.Y.H., and Proietti, M. (2021). Prevalence and Impact of Atrial Fibrillation in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112490"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884715666201224155042","article-title":"QT Interval Monitoring and Drugs Management during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Gasperetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00162-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00162-20","article-title":"Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Malin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5724","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27177","article-title":"Remdesivir might induce changes in electrocardiogram beyond bradycardia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019\u2014The pilot study","volume":"93","author":"Bistrovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510350050036","article-title":"Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"271","author":"Benjamin","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316575","article-title":"Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation in 2020: GWAS, Genome Sequencing, Polygenic Risk, and Beyond","volume":"127","author":"Roselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010666","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.121.010666","article-title":"New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Results from the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Registry","volume":"15","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz873","article-title":"One-year outcomes in atrial fibrillation presenting during infections: A nationwide registry-based study","volume":"41","author":"Gundlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz953","article-title":"Infection and atrial fibrillation: Inflammation begets AF","volume":"41","author":"Boos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0959","article-title":"Practice Patterns and Outcomes of Treatments for Atrial Fibrillation during Sepsis: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study","volume":"149","author":"Walkey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0618OC","article-title":"Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis. A Cohort Study","volume":"195","author":"Frencken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199012000-00015","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias in critically ill patients: Epidemiologic study","volume":"18","author":"Artucio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tralh\u00e3o, A., and P\u00f3voa, P. (2020). Cardiovascular Events After Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020414"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03135-1","article-title":"Prevalence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Corica","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2213945","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.13945","article-title":"Thromboembolic Risk in Patients with Pneumonia and New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Not Receiving Anticoagulation Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14479","article-title":"Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Kochi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06555-3","article-title":"Cardiac injury in COVID-19","volume":"48","author":"Helms","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: A potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0536-x","article-title":"Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies","volume":"33","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03385-5","article-title":"Right ventricular-arterial uncoupling independently predicts survival in COVID-19 ARDS","volume":"24","author":"Marra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00516-6","article-title":"Advanced echocardiographic phenotyping of critically ill patients with coronavirus-19 sepsis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Bagate","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-020-01458-2","article-title":"Cardiac function in relation to myocardial injury in hospitalised patients with COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01572-8","article-title":"Left and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with COVID-19-associated myocardial injury","volume":"49","author":"Bieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06685-2","article-title":"Echocardiography findings in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units: A multi-national observational study (the ECHO-COVID study)","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.06.053","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in COVID-19","volume":"131","author":"Janus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2021.05.010","article-title":"Echocardiographic Correlates of In-Hospital Death in Patients with Acute COVID-19 Infection: The World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography (WASE-COVID) Study","volume":"34","author":"Karagodin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005026","article-title":"Acute Cardiac Injury in Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Other Viral Infections\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.11.043","article-title":"Right ventricular dysfunction in critically ill COVID-19 ARDS","volume":"327","author":"Bleakley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15745","article-title":"Right ventricular dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 pneumonitis whose lungs are mechanically ventilated: A multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"77","author":"McCall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96955-8","article-title":"Prevalence of right ventricular dysfunction and impact on all-cause death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Corica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06730-0","article-title":"Right ventricular failure is strongly associated with mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19-related ARDS and appears related to respiratory worsening","volume":"48","author":"Evrard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2021.10.015","article-title":"Ventricular Changes in Patients with Acute COVID-19 Infection: Follow-up of the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography (WASE-COVID) Study","volume":"35","author":"Karagodin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14869","article-title":"Prognostic utility of quantitative offline 2D-echocardiography in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease","volume":"37","author":"Bursi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.04.014","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Patients With COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202111-2483OC","article-title":"Right Ventricular Loading by Lung Inflation during Controlled Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"205","author":"Slobod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200106000-00012","article-title":"Positive end-expiratory pressure titration in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: Impact on right ventricular outflow impedance evaluated by pulmonary artery Doppler flow velocity measurements","volume":"29","author":"Schmitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.10.012","article-title":"Lung Response to a Higher Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19","volume":"161","author":"Protti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30506-3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0154LE","article-title":"Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Deescalation in COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Unloads the Right Ventricle, Improving Hemodynamics and Oxygenation","volume":"208","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.031","article-title":"Pathological Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 as a Cause of Myocarditis: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"77","author":"Kawakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.S., Kim, M., Kim, Y.J., Ryoo, S.M., Sohn, C.H., Ahn, S., and Kim, W.Y. (2019). Troponin Testing for Assessing Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Patients with Septic Shock. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020239"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100970","article-title":"Increased troponin in patients with sepsis and septic shock: Myocardial necrosis or reversible myocardial depression?","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0263","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010263","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and stress-induced cardiomyopathy in sepsis or septic shock: A comparative retrospective study","volume":"97","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318174db05","article-title":"Actual incidence of global left ventricular hypokinesia in adult septic shock","volume":"36","author":"Caille","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spathoulas, K., Tsolaki, V., Zakynthinos, G.E., Karelas, D., Makris, D., Zakynthinos, E., and Papanikolaou, J. (2022). The Role of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Velocity-Time Integral in Assessing Cardiovascular Impairment in Septic Shock. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111786"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-0032-2","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in trauma patients requiring intensive care","volume":"32","author":"Seguin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1615","article-title":"Incident stroke and mortality associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with severe sepsis","volume":"306","author":"Walkey","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.03.020","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with sepsis: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"165","author":"Walkey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4986-7","article-title":"Non-antiarrhythmic interventions in new onset and paroxysmal sepsis-related atrial fibrillation","volume":"44","author":"Boyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2009","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: A translational appraisal","volume":"91","author":"Schotten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-015-0069-5","article-title":"New-onset supraventricular arrhythmia during septic shock: Prevalence, risk factors and prognosis","volume":"5","author":"Seemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035202","article-title":"Enhanced Cardiomyocyte NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Promotes Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"138","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003721","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003721","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and New Treatment Paradigm for Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Sirish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093053","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1093053","article-title":"COVID-19 and atrial fibrillation: Intercepting lines","volume":"10","author":"Donniacuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa623","article-title":"COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease","volume":"41","author":"Libby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000413","article-title":"COVID-19 as an Acute Inflammatory Disease","volume":"205","author":"Manjili","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030340","article-title":"Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia","volume":"384","author":"Salama","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105051","article-title":"Targeting inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"159","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715798","article-title":"Guidance for the Management of Patients with Vascular Disease or Cardiovascular Risk Factors and COVID-19: Position Paper from VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology\/Vascular Medicine","volume":"120","author":"Gerotziafas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718735","article-title":"Immunoinflammatory, Thrombohaemostatic, and Cardiovascular Mechanisms in COVID-19","volume":"120","author":"Gencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713152","article-title":"Pharmacological Agents Targeting Thromboinflammation in COVID-19: Review and Implications for Future Research","volume":"120","author":"Bikdeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zylla, M.M., Merle, U., Vey, J.A., Korosoglou, G., Hofmann, E., M\u00fcller, M., Herth, F., Schmidt, W., Blessing, E., and G\u00f6ggelmann, C. (2021). Predictors and Prognostic Implications of Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010133"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03255-0","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of inflammatory parameters and their correlation with disease severity and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 from Wuhan, China","volume":"24","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06346-w","article-title":"COVID-19 increased the risk of ICU-acquired bloodstream infections: A case-cohort study from the multicentric OUTCOMEREA network","volume":"47","author":"Buetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06323-9","article-title":"Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the incidence of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections: A European multicenter cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Povoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur398","article-title":"Extracellular matrix alterations in the atria: Insights into the mechanisms and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Goudis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R., and Costa de Oliveira, S. (2021). The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression Levels in Patients with Comorbidities on COVID-19 Severity: A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081692"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152072","article-title":"CD147-spike protein interaction in COVID-19: Get the ball rolling with a novel receptor and therapeutic target","volume":"808","author":"Behl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00426-x","article-title":"CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2022.113078","article-title":"NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"47","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"4097","article-title":"Analysis of alterations of serum inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis makers in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy and the risk factors","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.061","article-title":"Distinct and early increase in circulating MMP-9 in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure","volume":"81","author":"Ueland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07120-8","article-title":"Promising Therapy for Heart Failure in Patients with Severe COVID-19: Calming the Cytokine Storm","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clementy, N., Piver, E., Bisson, A., Andre, C., Bernard, A., Pierre, B., Fauchier, L., and Babuty, D. (2018). Galectin-3 in Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19040976"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.22.03789-7","article-title":"Serum galectin-3 and aldosterone: Potential biomarkers of cardiac complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Cannavo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05968-4","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a potential prognostic biomarker of severe COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che Mohd Nassir, C.M.N., Zolkefley, M.K.I., Ramli, M.D., Norman, H.H., Abdul Hamid, H., and Mustapha, M. (2022). Neuroinflammation and COVID-19 Ischemic Stroke Recovery-Evolving Evidence for the Mediating Roles of the ACE2\/Angiotensin-(1-7)\/Mas Receptor Axis and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063085"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120529","article-title":"Genetic and non-genetic risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation","volume":"299","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saljic, A., Heijman, J., and Dobrev, D. (2022). Emerging Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Atrial Fibrillation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084096"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farahani, M., Niknam, Z., Mohammadi Amirabad, L., Amiri-Dashatan, N., Koushki, M., Nemati, M., Danesh Pouya, F., Rezaei-Tavirani, M., Rasmi, Y., and Tayebi, L. (2022). Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets. Biomed. Pharmacother., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112420"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2021.101495","article-title":"T helper type (Th1\/Th2) responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) virus: From cytokines produced to immune responses","volume":"70","author":"Molavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101508","article-title":"Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: Exploring dysregulation and exhaustion","volume":"55","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862571","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.862571","article-title":"Clinical Characterization and Possible Pathological Mechanism of Acute Myocardial Injury in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102903","article-title":"Regulation of acute reflectory hyperinflammation in viral and other diseases by means of stellate ganglion block. A conceptual view with a focus on Covid-19","volume":"237","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/415198a","article-title":"Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling","volume":"415","author":"Bers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.37616\/2212-5043.1255","article-title":"Is Atrial Fibrillation a Risk Factor for Worse Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Single Center Retrospective Cohort","volume":"33","author":"Abdulrahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saudi Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2021.02.010","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation as a Predictor of Mortality in High Risk COVID-19 Patients: A Multicentre Study of 171 Patients","volume":"30","author":"Ip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2020.0145","article-title":"New-onset atrial fibrillation during COVID-19 infection predicts poor prognosis","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"100970","article-title":"Sex- and age specific association of new-onset atrial fibrillation with in-hospital mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients","volume":"39","author":"Offerhaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720129","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.720129","article-title":"Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Associated Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13387","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13387","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with incident sustained tachyarrhythmias: A multicenter observational study","volume":"50","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1548-2","article-title":"Prognostic impact of restored sinus rhythm in patients with sepsis and new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072767.89944.6E","article-title":"Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-031OC","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of sustained arrhythmias in critically ill patients","volume":"178","author":"Annane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.06.032","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of new-onset atrial fibrillation in the medical intensive care unit","volume":"36","author":"Carrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001166","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"43","author":"Shaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"495","article-title":"Rhythm or Rate Control Management of Atrial Fibrillation: An Overrated Dilemma","volume":"56","author":"Manolis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019927","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation","volume":"125","author":"Zimetbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw295","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS","volume":"18","author":"Kirchhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection","volume":"15","author":"Manolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhythmos"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01488578","article-title":"Side effects and contraindications of beta-receptor blocking agents","volume":"55","author":"Lydtin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31258-2","article-title":"Rate control in atrial fibrillation","volume":"388","author":"Rienstra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005883","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB) in the ICU: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes: The International AFIB-ICU Cohort Study","volume":"51","author":"Wetterslev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00399-022-00899-z","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation on the intensive care unit: The special prognostic importance of the first manifestation","volume":"33","author":"Goette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Herzschrittmachertherapie Elektrophysiologie"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14007","article-title":"Management of acute atrial fibrillation in the intensive care unit: An international survey","volume":"66","author":"Wetterslev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25710","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and outcomes for new-onset atrial fibrillation in ICU patients: The CAFE scoping review and database analyses","volume":"25","author":"Bedford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1276","article-title":"Risk of proarrhythmic events in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study: A multivariate analysis","volume":"44","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370100119019","article-title":"Atypical pulmonary and neurologic complications of amiodarone in the same patient. Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"147","author":"Manolis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1","article-title":"Did PALLAS deliver the final blow to dronedarone?","volume":"7","author":"Manolis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rhythmos"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.04.056","article-title":"Ibutilide added to propafenone for the conversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter","volume":"44","author":"Chiladakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2018.02.003","article-title":"Use of intravenous vernakalant for atrial fibrillation conversion in the regular ward under only bedside monitoring","volume":"60","author":"Manolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-022-00547-4","article-title":"Remdesivir-induced Bradycardia is not Associated with Worse Outcome in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Pantazopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2020.08.006","article-title":"Cardiac electrophysiology consultative experience at the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol. J."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"e199","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC\/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"130","author":"January","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/22\/6989\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:19:25Z","timestamp":1760131165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/22\/6989"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12226989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12226989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]}}}