{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:38:10Z","timestamp":1788838690088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aging of congenital heart disease (CHD) patients, the burden of arrhythmias is expanding. Atrial arrhythmias, especially intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, are the most prevalent forms of arrhythmia. Managing comorbidities, such as obesity, using pharmacotherapy, including antiarrhythmics and anticoagulants, and ablation therapy has become the cornerstone of arrhythmia management. Ventricular tachycardias are also not rare; however, except for tetralogy of Fallot patients, recommendations for the use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators for primary prevention in other CHD patients are still not well established. Patients with CHD might also present with atrioventricular blockages because of their anatomy or following a surgical procedure. The scope of this article is to review the current knowledge and discuss the future directions regarding arrhythmia management in CHD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1699579071000},"page":"7020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: An Ongoing Morbidity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6419-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Ntiloudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"},{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center of Tzaneio \u2018D. Beldekos\u2019, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Rammos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease, \u201cOnassis\u201d Cardiac Surgery Center, 176 74 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Karakosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"},{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center of Tzaneio \u2018D. Beldekos\u2019, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkistis","family":"Kalesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"},{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center of Tzaneio \u2018D. Beldekos\u2019, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nearchos","family":"Kasinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"},{"name":"Echocardiography Training Center of Tzaneio \u2018D. Beldekos\u2019, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-6319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Giannakoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.05.046","article-title":"Adult congenital heart disease: A paradigm of epidemiological change","volume":"218","author":"Ntiloudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. 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