{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T10:18:55Z","timestamp":1786875535845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Recent studies suggest an association between pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. This article aims to review the available evidence linking cardiovascular disease with acute and chronic pancreatitis. (2) Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on the PubMed\/MEDLINE database from inception to April 2022 using Medical Subject Heading and keywords related to pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. The search was limited to English-language literature involving human subjects, and various study types, including observational studies, case\u2013control studies, cohort studies, and clinical trials, were screened for eligibility. Following data extraction, the authors conducted a narrative synthesis of the studies. (3) Results: Longitudinal studies indicate that a history of acute pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and acute coronary syndrome. Elevated triglyceride levels (&gt;2000 mg\/dL) have a temporal relationship with acute pancreatitis. Cross-sectional studies have shown that acute pancreatitis is associated with cardiac injury during the acute phase. Based on longitudinal studies, chronic pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular diseases. However, data regarding the relationship between chronic pancreatitis and myocardial infarction are conflicting. (4) Conclusions: Based on the available evidence, having a history of acute pancreatitis appears to increase the risk of acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether chronic pancreatitis is associated with cardiovascular disease, and no definitive studies have yielded conflicting results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T10:57:46Z","timestamp":1700045866000},"page":"7101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of Cardiovascular Disease and Pancreatitis: What Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleena","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafeez Ul Hassan","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Jneid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Sealy Distinguished Centennial Chair in Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, TX 77058, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S.","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Office of the Vice Provost (Research), The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayakrit","family":"Krittanawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, NYU Langone Health and NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20317","article-title":"Acute Pancreatitis: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Mederos","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.032","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"154","author":"Crockett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12852.1","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis: Review and update of etiology, risk factors, and management","volume":"7","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.07.066","article-title":"Frequency of progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis and risk factors: A meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Sankaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0087-5","article-title":"Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Petrov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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