{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:36:28Z","timestamp":1791999388305,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federico II University of Naples, Italy","award":["ALFGBG-874631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-874631"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state","award":["ALFGBG-874631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-874631"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocarditis is a disease caused by cardiac inflammation that can progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and eventually death. Several etiologies, including autoimmune, drug-induced, and infectious, lead to inflammation, which causes damage to the myocardium, followed by remodeling and fibrosis. Although there has been an increasing understanding of pathophysiology, early and accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment remain challenging due to the high heterogeneity. As a result, many patients have poor prognosis, with those surviving at risk of long-term sequelae. Current diagnostic methods, including imaging and endomyocardial biopsy, are, at times, expensive, invasive, and not always performed early enough to affect disease progression. Therefore, the identification of accurate, cost-effective, and prognostically informative biomarkers is critical for screening and treatment. The review then focuses on the biomarkers currently associated with these conditions, which have been extensively studied via blood tests and imaging techniques. The information within this review was retrieved through extensive literature research conducted on major publicly accessible databases and has been collated and revised by an international panel of experts. The biomarkers discussed in the article have shown great promise in clinical research studies and provide clinicians with essential tools for early diagnosis and improved outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"7214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Biomarkers in Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Updated Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Crisci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Clinical Outcome Research and Reporting Program (I-CORRP), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Bobbio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Bromage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entela","family":"Bollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Ferone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zubair","family":"Israr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam M.","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7125-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian L.","family":"Polte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cannat\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, AORN A Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800028","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"360","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310221","article-title":"Inflammatory Cardiomyopathic Syndromes","volume":"121","author":"Trachtenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405","article-title":"Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document","volume":"13","author":"Ammirati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Tschope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Fung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05951-z","article-title":"Trends in myocarditis incidence, complications and mortality in Sweden from 2000 to 2014","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2015.10.018","article-title":"Update on Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: Reemergence of Endomyocardial Biopsy","volume":"69","author":"Dominguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mattsson, G., and Magnusson, P. (2021). Cardiomyopathy, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krejci, J., Mlejnek, D., Sochorova, D., and Nemec, P. (2016). Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: A Current View on the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4087632"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1738","article-title":"Viral genome search in myocardium of patients with fulminant myocarditis","volume":"22","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.001","article-title":"Genetics of myocarditis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia","volume":"12","author":"Gimeno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.043","article-title":"Autosomal Recessive Cardiomyopathy Presenting as Acute Myocarditis","volume":"69","author":"Belkaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.841","article-title":"Report of the 1995 World Health Organization\/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies","volume":"93","author":"Richardson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00569-8","article-title":"Biomarkers for Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy","volume":"19","author":"Suresh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2021.01.002","article-title":"Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Clinical Insights","volume":"17","author":"Salzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2018.12.008","article-title":"Biomarkers and Imaging: Complementary or Subtractive?","volume":"15","author":"Salzano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-011-0649-9","article-title":"An unusual case of dilated cardiomyopathy associated with partial hypopituitarism","volume":"7","author":"Marra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989","article-title":"Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework","volume":"69","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0800239","article-title":"Biomarkers in heart failure","volume":"358","author":"Braunwald","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035319","article-title":"Clinical Presentation and Outcome in a Contemporary Cohort of Patients with Acute Myocarditis: Multicenter Lombardy Registry","volume":"138","author":"Ammirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.10.015","article-title":"Epidemiology Characteristics and Outcome of Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Acute Myocarditis","volume":"133","author":"Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"523","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"75","author":"McDonagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1054-z","article-title":"Acute and Fulminant Myocarditis: A Pragmatic Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Ammirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.10.063","article-title":"Management perspectives from the 2019 Wuhan international workshop on fulminant myocarditis","volume":"324","author":"Veronese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.072","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polte, C.L., Bobbio, E., Bollano, E., Bergh, N., Polte, C., Himmelman, J., Lagerstrand, K.M., and Gao, S.A. (2022). Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020399"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037837","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1037837","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of demographic factors in cardiac magnetic resonance-proven acute myocarditis: A cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Cannata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.02.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper","volume":"53","author":"Friedrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.044","article-title":"Cardiac MR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Acute Myocarditis with Preserved Systolic Function: ITAMY Study","volume":"70","author":"Aquaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.050","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Tissue Characterization in Risk Stratifying Patients with Suspected Myocarditis","volume":"70","author":"Grani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.03.043","article-title":"HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Birnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.01.010","article-title":"Imaging of Inflammation in Unexplained Cardiomyopathy","volume":"9","author":"Kadkhodayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.09.023","article-title":"Myocardial Blood Flow and Inflammatory Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"10","author":"Kruse","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007030","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007030","article-title":"Complementary Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in the Assessment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Vita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.186093","article-title":"The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"116","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.10.021","article-title":"Comparison of Utilization Trends, Indications, and Complications of Endomyocardial Biopsy in Native Versus Donor Hearts (from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2002 to 2014)","volume":"121","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000087","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of endomyocardial biopsy in 851 patients with unexplained heart failure from 2000\u20132009","volume":"6","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90465-8","article-title":"Insensitivity of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of myocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Chow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000989","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis triggered by OC43 subtype coronavirus: A disease deserving evidence-based care bundles","volume":"21","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0911362","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis","volume":"362","author":"Bock","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001001","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Myocarditis in Children: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Law","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1560","article-title":"Immunosuppression in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and parvovirus B19 persistence","volume":"21","author":"Tschope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676694","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.676694","article-title":"Rheumatic Myocarditis: A Poorly Recognized Etiology of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Valvular Heart Disease Patients","volume":"8","author":"Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"629","article-title":"Heart Transplant in Patients with Predominantly Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Rosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Valve Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00317-3","article-title":"Cardiac troponin T in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis","volume":"30","author":"Lauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq493","article-title":"Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: Utility or futility?","volume":"32","author":"Mahfoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.B., da Gama Torres, H.O., Nunes, M.D.C.P., de Assis Silva Gomes, J., Pinho, L.L.N., Rocha, M.O., and Botoni, F.A. (2022). Biomakers in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081602"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.02.017","article-title":"Detectable interleukin-9 plasma levels are associated with impaired cardiopulmonary functional capacity and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"209","author":"Marra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa, S.A., Bautista-Ni\u00f1o, P.K., Rojas, L.Z., Hunziker, L., Muka, T., and Echeverr\u00eda, L.E. (2022). Circulating MicroRNAs and myocardial involvement severity in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.922189"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2518","article-title":"COVID-19 and heart failure: The dark side of the moon","volume":"24","author":"Cannata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056817","article-title":"Prevalence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of COVID-19-Associated Acute Myocarditis","volume":"145","author":"Ammirati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135","article-title":"Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines","volume":"144","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055891","article-title":"Myocarditis Temporally Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination","volume":"144","author":"Rosner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac Involvement in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Inciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usui, E., Nagaoka, E., Ikeda, H., Ohmori, M., Tao, S., Yonetsu, T., Maejima, Y., Arai, H., Amemiya, K., and Ikeda, Y. (2022). Fulminant myocarditis with COVID-19 infection having normal C-reactive protein and serial magnetic resonance follow-up. ESC Heart Fail.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14228"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.001","article-title":"Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management","volume":"17","author":"Siripanthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytac117","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac117","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor positron emission tomography\/computed tomography in myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Bollano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.605","article-title":"Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"68","author":"Birnie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011522","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis: Epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome over 25 years in a nationwide study","volume":"131","author":"Kandolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobbio, E., Hjalmarsson, C., Bjorkenstam, M., Polte, C.L., Oldfors, A., Lindstrom, U., Dahlberg, P., Bartfay, S.E., Szamlewski, P., and Taha, A. (2022). Diagnosis, management, and outcome of cardiac sarcoidosis and giant cell myocarditis: A Swedish single center experience. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02639-0"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.11.019","article-title":"Complementary Role of CMR to Conventional Screening in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"10","author":"Kouranos","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.07.034","article-title":"Lower left ventricular ejection fraction and higher serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity are associated with histopathological diagnosis by endomyocardial biopsy in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"321","author":"Komoriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.041","article-title":"Prevalence of atrial FDG uptake and association with atrial arrhythmias in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"313","author":"Yodogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.06.021","article-title":"Usefulness of Cardiac Troponins as Markers of Early Treatment Response in Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"116","author":"Kandolin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.53.287","article-title":"Usefulness of high-sensitive cardiac troponin T for evaluating the activity of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"53","author":"Baba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13614","article-title":"Association of high serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels with risk of adverse events in cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"8","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccase.2018.12.019","article-title":"Effective steroid therapy in an elderly patient with cardiac sarcoidosis and severe left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Odawara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiol. Cases"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.09.009","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"157","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2011.24118","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoidosis: A comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Sekhri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex034","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in Restrictive Cardiomyopathies: An EACVI expert consensus document in collaboration with the \u201cWorking Group on myocardial and pericardial diseases\u201d of the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by The Indian Academy of Echocardiography","volume":"18","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"19","article-title":"The WASOG Sarcoidosis Organ Assessment Instrument: An update of a previous clinical tool","volume":"31","author":"Judson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr099","article-title":"Myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function: An observational study","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.851352","article-title":"Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"120","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"634","article-title":"Late gadolinium enhancement identified with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis patients is associated with long-term ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death","volume":"16","author":"Nadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.10.021","article-title":"CMR imaging predicts death and other adverse events in suspected cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"6","author":"Greulich","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.090662","article-title":"The use of 18F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: A systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience","volume":"53","author":"Youssef","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Identification of cardiac sarcoidosis with (13)N-NH(3)\/(18)F-FDG PET","volume":"44","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9828-6","article-title":"Reduction in \u00b9\u2078F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on serial cardiac positron emission tomography is associated with improved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"21","author":"Osborne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"252","article-title":"Imaging of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"60","author":"Erthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.11.022","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of CMR imaging compared with EMB in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"5","author":"Lurz","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706263362603","article-title":"Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis--natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators","volume":"336","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.969261","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of giant-cell myocarditis in the era of combined immunosuppression","volume":"6","author":"Kandolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.606","article-title":"Long-term outcome and its predictors in giant cell myocarditis","volume":"18","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01920-0","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes after heart transplantation in cardiac sarcoidosis and giant-cell myocarditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Bobbio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.12.022","article-title":"Lack of Relationship Between Serum Cardiac Troponin I Level and Giant Cell Myocarditis Diagnosis and Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Gilotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02715-8","article-title":"A clinical and histopathologic comparison of cardiac sarcoidosis and idiopathic giant cell myocarditis","volume":"41","author":"Okura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2021.11.007","article-title":"Atrial Giant Cell Myocarditis as a Cause of Heart Failure: Diagnostic Pathway and Successful Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Paitazoglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004559","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004559","article-title":"Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias in Giant Cell Myocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2023.101202","article-title":"Echocardiography in inflammatory heart disease: A comparison of giant cell myocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis, and acute non-fulminant myocarditis","volume":"46","author":"Bobbio","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac265","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance in giant cell myocarditis: A matched comparison with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"24","author":"Poyhonen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131143","article-title":"Phenotyping of giant cell myocarditis versus cardiac sarcoidosis using cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"387","author":"Bobbio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013551","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.013551","article-title":"Somatostatin Receptor Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Promising Approach to Molecular Myocardial Inflammation Imaging","volume":"15","author":"Polte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0828-282X(06)70965-5","article-title":"Eosinophilic myocarditis: Case series and review of literature","volume":"22","author":"Straatman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.5.1703","article-title":"Clozapine-induced hypersensitivity myocarditis","volume":"126","author":"Pieroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000330","article-title":"A life-threatening presentation of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"17","author":"Ammirati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21943","article-title":"Eosinophilic myocarditis in hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Roehrl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.023","article-title":"Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Brambatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14174","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and mortality outcome in the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms patients with cardiac involvement","volume":"57","author":"Intarasupht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radovanovic, M., Jevtic, D., Calvin, A.D., Petrovic, M., Paulson, M., Rueda Prada, L., Sprecher, L., Savic, I., and Dumic, I. (2022). \u201cHeart in DRESS\u201d: Cardiac Manifestations, Treatment and Outcome of Patients with Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030704"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.909569","article-title":"Myocarditis Associated with Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"19","author":"Morikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.057","article-title":"A review of DRESS-associated myocarditis","volume":"66","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100118","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic myocarditis","volume":"4","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2015.01.006","article-title":"Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects","volume":"108","author":"Iriart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-003-0721-0","article-title":"Changes in the peripheral eosinophil count in patients with acute eosinophilic myocarditis","volume":"18","author":"Morimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.6.669","article-title":"Eosinophilic myocarditis associated with dense deposits of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in endomyocardium with high serum ECP","volume":"81","author":"Arima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00074-8","article-title":"Serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein in patients with eosinophilic myocarditis","volume":"84","author":"Arima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00841-9","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic features of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"86","author":"Ommen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu196","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome: Role of multimodality imaging","volume":"16","author":"Simonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.67.3.572","article-title":"Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Anatomic basis of mitral regurgitation and peripheral embolization","volume":"67","author":"Gottdiener","year":"1983","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Eosinophilic heart disease in a paediatric patient","volume":"12","author":"Dedieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa346","article-title":"Eosinophilic heart disease: Diagnostic and prognostic assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"22","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190400002293","article-title":"Rapid reversion of Loeffler\u2019s endocarditis by imatinib in early stage clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Rotoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.11.005","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis Treatment Strategies and Future Directions","volume":"4","author":"Moslehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037","article-title":"Myocarditis in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-017-0532-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular Complications Associated with Novel Cancer Immunotherapies","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1609214","article-title":"Fulminant Myocarditis with Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"375","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044703","article-title":"Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and the Timing and Dose of Corticosteroids in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0396","article-title":"Survival After Fulminant Myocarditis Induced by Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"167","author":"Arangalage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2241","article-title":"Clinical Strategy for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis: A Narrative Review","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1901677","article-title":"Abatacept for Severe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0835-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated with Cancer Immunotherapies","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa340","article-title":"Practical cardiovascular imaging approach to diagnose immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis","volume":"22","author":"Kondapalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00793","article-title":"Small Things Matter: Relevance of MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3799","article-title":"Revisiting lab-on-a-chip technology for drug discovery","volume":"11","author":"Giselbrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowski, P., Go\u0142awski, M., Baron, M., Reichman-Warmusz, E., and Wojnicz, R. (2022). A Systematic Review of miRNA and cfDNA as Potential Biomarkers for Liquid Biopsy in Myocarditis and Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101476"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87086-1","article-title":"Plasma microrna expression profile for reduced ejection fraction in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Belmonte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12131","article-title":"Cancer DNA in the Circulation: The Liquid Biopsy","volume":"318","author":"Husain","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30310-9","article-title":"The liquid biopsy: Towards standardisation in preparation for prime time","volume":"20","author":"Page","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.10.118","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells and plasma DNA analysis in patients with indeterminate early or metastatic breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Shaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.022","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors: The Health 2000 Survey","volume":"233","author":"Jylhava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.04.007","article-title":"Correlations of Circulating Cell-Free DNA With Clinical Manifestations in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"356","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320912375","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA levels are associated with adverse outcomes in heart failure: Testing liquid biopsy in heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Salzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"241ra277","article-title":"Circulating cell-free DNA enables noninvasive diagnosis of heart transplant rejection","volume":"6","author":"Valantine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.06.004","article-title":"Donor-specific circulating cell free DNA as a noninvasive biomarker of graft injury in heart transplantation","volume":"495","author":"Macher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15339","article-title":"Noninvasive detection of graft injury after heart transplant using donor-derived cell-free DNA: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Khush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008968","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008968","article-title":"Elevated Sera sST2 Is Associated with Heart Failure in Men \u226450 Years Old with Myocarditis","volume":"8","author":"Coronado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obradovic, D.M., B\u00fcttner, P., Rommel, K.P., Blazek, S., Loncar, G., von Haehling, S., von Roeder, M., L\u00fccke, C., Gutberlet, M., and Thiele, H. (2022). Soluble ST2 Receptor: Biomarker of Left Ventricular Impairment and Functional Status in Patients with Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030414"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003804","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003804","article-title":"Plasma and Cardiac Galectin-3 in Patients with Heart Failure Reflects Both Inflammation and Fibrosis: Implications for Its Use as a Biomarker","volume":"10","author":"Besler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saric, P., Young, K.A., Rodriguez-Porcel, M., and Chareonthaitawee, P. (2021). PET Imaging in Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Narrative Review with Focus on Novel PET Tracers. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14121286"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.241356","article-title":"Folate Receptor beta-Targeted PET Imaging of Macrophages in Autoimmune Myocarditis","volume":"61","author":"Jahandideh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.05.073","article-title":"Imaging of myocardial inflammation with somatostatin receptor based PET\/CT\u2014A comparison to cardiac MRI","volume":"194","author":"Lapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm076","article-title":"A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: Prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Caforio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.641472","article-title":"Prospective familial assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy: Cardiac autoantibodies predict disease development in asymptomatic relatives","volume":"115","author":"Caforio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(89)90410-9","article-title":"Laminin distribution and autoantibodies to laminin in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis","volume":"117","author":"Wolff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01431-6","article-title":"Beta1-adrenoceptor antibodies induce apoptosis in adult isolated cardiomyocytes","volume":"466","author":"Staudt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"283","article-title":"Demonstration of organ specific antibodies against heart mitochondria (anti-M7) in sera from patients with some forms of heart diseases","volume":"58","author":"Klein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.10.4754","article-title":"Epitope mapping of the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase dihydrolipoyl transacylase (BCKD-E2) protein that reacts with sera from patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"153","author":"Ansari","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/23\/7214\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:26:04Z","timestamp":1760131564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/23\/7214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12237214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12237214","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]}}}