{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:11:57Z","timestamp":1789164717060,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has revealed a complex interplay between inflammation and coagulation, leading to the emergence of the concept of thrombo-inflammation. This concept recognizes that COVID-19 is not solely a respiratory illness, but a systemic disease with significant vascular and hematological components. COVID-19 is associated with an unusual prothrombotic state, with intense endothelial activation leading to vasculopathy, cytokine storm, complement system activation and a hypercoagulability state (the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade, impaired fibrinolysis). The aim of this review is to discuss the different pathological pathways described in COVID-19 that lead to thromboembolic events. Widespread vaccination and post-COVID-19 immunization allows control over the severity of this pandemic. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can improve the management of frail patients who are hospitalized in intensive care units.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T03:45:56Z","timestamp":1700711156000},"page":"7245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["COVID-19 and the Concept of Thrombo-Inflammation: Review of the Relationship between Immune Response, Endothelium and Coagulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3459-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"de Maistre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemostais Unit, Dijon University Hospital, F-21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5320-3213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Savard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemostais Unit, Dijon University Hospital, F-21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7019-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Gregoire","family":"Guinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Dijon University Hospital, F-21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14888","article-title":"Incidence of venous thrombembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. 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