{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:42Z","timestamp":1787028642249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Science","award":["IN-ES-987-5391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN-ES-987-5391"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sexualized drug use (SDU) has become a public health concern in recent years. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SDU in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV (HIV + GBMSM) in Madrid during 2019\/2020 and compare it with data from 2016\/2017 in order to detect changes in patterns. Methods: We analyzed the frequency of SDU in a sample of HIV + GBMSM attending HIV clinics, who participated in an anonymous online survey regarding sexual behavior and recreational drug use. The association between SDU, sexual risk behaviors, and STIs was evaluated. Results: This study included 424 HIV + GBMSM, with a mean age of 40 (10.43) years. Overall, 94% (396) reported being sexually active. Additionally, 33% (140) had been diagnosed with an STI within the previous year. Moreover, 54% (229) had used drugs in the last year, 25% (107) engaged in SDU, and 16% (17) reported engagement in slamsex. After adjusting for confounding factors, SDU was associated with STIs, fisting, unprotected anal intercourse, and having &gt;24 sexual partners in the last year. According to the DUDIT test scores, 80% (81) probably had problematic drug use (\u22656 points), and 8% (8) probable drug dependence (\u226525 points). When comparing the U-SEX-1 (2016\/2017) data with the U-SEX-2 (2019\/2020) data, no significant differences were found in the proportion of participants practicing SDU or slamming. Conclusions: The prevalence of SDU among HIV + GBMSM has remained high in recent years and without significant changes. The risk of problematic drug use among those who practice SDU is high. We observed a clear association between SDU, high-risk sexual behaviors, and STIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1700820639000},"page":"7293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Patterns of Sexualized Drug Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV: Insights from a Comprehensive Study\u2014The U-SEX-2 GESIDA 9416 Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Dolengevich-Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dual Pathology Program, Henares Hospital, 28822 Coslada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28822 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Ramos-Ruperto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jimenez Diaz y IIS-FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Sanchez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Vergas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, San Carlos University Hospital, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Harm Reduction Unit \u201cSMASD\u201d, 28020 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7875-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3180-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Alcal\u00e1 University Hospital, 28805 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Curto-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Mental Health, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2253-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"P\u00e9rez-Bootello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Naharro-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar J. F.","family":"Ollero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Garcia Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, La Princesa University Hospital, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"P\u00e9rez-Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"HIV Unit, Gregorio Mara\u00f1on University Hospital and IiSGM, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia","family":"Bisbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5835-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"De la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and HIV Unit, Puerta del Hierro University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Emilio","family":"Losa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases, Fundaci\u00f3n Alcorc\u00f3n University Hospital, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9387-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Cervero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, 28914 Leganes, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Estebanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, G\u00f3mez Ulla University Hospital, 28047 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7016-716X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Suarez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Network Center in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Infanta Sofia University Hospital, Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda y Hospital Universitario del Henares (FIIB HUIS HHEN), 28702 San Sebastian de los Reyes, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, European University, 28032 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Gimeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Torrej\u00f3n University Hospital, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Terrancle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Tajo University Hospital, 28670 Aranjuez, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Mican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and HIV Unit, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5790","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5790","article-title":"What Is Chemsex and Why Does It Matter?","volume":"351","author":"McCall","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.013","article-title":"\u201cChemsex\u201d and Harm Reduction Need among Gay Men in South London","volume":"26","author":"Bourne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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