{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:12:05Z","timestamp":1788977525556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007109","name":"Ferrara University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR 2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper extremity (UE) paresis is one of the most frequent and disabling clinical consequences after stroke. Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are wearable virtual reality devices that seem effective in promoting the recovery of functional abilities by increasing adherence levels in this population. This scoping review is aimed at collecting available evidence on the use of HMD-based immersive virtual reality systems for UE rehabilitation treatment in stroke survivors. Four electronic bibliographic databases were consulted from inception until 18 January 2023. A total of 19 clinical trials in which HMDs were used as a clinical tool for increasing UE functioning, as a single intervention or in adjunct to other rehab treatments, were included; no restrictions were applied for UE paresis severity or stroke onset. The large majority of the clinical trials involved chronic stroke patients (15 out of 19), with a wide range of UE impairments. Overall, HMD use seemed to be well-tolerated and promising for increasing UE motor function in adult chronic stroke survivors, with benefits in subjects\u2019 arm use and independence. The possibility of executing highly realistic and task-oriented movements appears to be promising in enhancing gesture relevance, thus promoting new motor strategies in a \u201cvirtual ecological way\u201d. Across studies, we found a high heterogeneity in protocol design and a lack of reporting that prevents us drawing conclusions regarding potential subgroups of patients that could benefit more from HMD-based interventions or suggested treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T09:39:12Z","timestamp":1701337152000},"page":"7444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Head-Mounted Displays for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fregna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Paoluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8681-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cano-de-la-Cuerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7824-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Casile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2061-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Straudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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