{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:55:42Z","timestamp":1783338942689,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare and specific form of severe hepatic dysfunction characterized by coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with no known liver disease. ALF carries a high morbidity and mortality. Careful attention should be given to hemodynamics and metabolic parameters along with the active surveillance of infections. Timely transfer and supportive management are important in an intensive care unit in a liver transplant center. Identifying patients who will and will not improve with medical management and may need emergent liver transplantation is critical. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on the etiology, diagnosis, and management of ALF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T04:12:56Z","timestamp":1701403976000},"page":"7451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Liver Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8595-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazli Begum","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Herdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9157-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuat H.","family":"Saner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialized Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Gurakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25551","article-title":"Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases position paper on acute liver failure 2011","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002340","article-title":"Acute Liver Failure Guidelines","volume":"118","author":"Shingina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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