{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:00:06Z","timestamp":1792000806823,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"]}]},{"name":"Chungnam National University Hospital Research Fund, 2022","award":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"]}]},{"name":"MD-PhD\/Medical Scientist Training Program","award":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1G1A1013694"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marginal reflex distance1 (MRD1) is a crucial clinical tool used to evaluate the position of the eyelid margin in relation to the cornea. Traditionally, this assessment has been conducted manually by plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists, or trained technicians. However, with the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, there is a growing interest in the development of automated systems capable of accurately measuring MRD1. In this context, we introduce novel MRD1 measurement methods based on deep learning algorithms that can simultaneously capture images and compute the results. This prospective observational study involved 154 eyes of 77 patients aged over 18 years who visited Chungnam National University Hospital between 1 January 2023 and 29 July 2023. We collected four different MRD1 datasets from patients using three distinct measurement methods, each tailored to the individual patient. The mean MRD1 values, measured through the manual method using a penlight, the deep learning method, ImageJ analysis from RGB eye images, and ImageJ analysis from IR eye images in 56 eyes of 28 patients, were 2.64 \u00b1 1.04 mm, 2.85 \u00b1 1.07 mm, 2.78 \u00b1 1.08 mm, and 3.07 \u00b1 0.95 mm, respectively. Notably, the strongest agreement was observed between MRD1_deep learning (DL) and MRD1_IR (0.822, p &lt; 0.01). In a Bland\u2013Altman plot, the smallest difference was observed between MRD1_DL and MRD1_IR ImageJ, with a mean difference of 0.0611 and \u0394LOA (limits of agreement) of 2.5162, which was the smallest among all of the groups. In conclusion, this novel MRD1 measurement method, based on an IR camera and deep learning, demonstrates statistical significance and can be readily applied in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T10:39:48Z","timestamp":1701427188000},"page":"7466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Introduction of Deep Learning-Based Infrared Image Analysis to Marginal Reflex Distance1 Measurement Method to Simultaneously Capture Images and Compute Results: Clinical Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0729-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bokeun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeokjae","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunje","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yooseok","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Ha","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Han","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.1.99","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of upper eyelid measurements","volume":"85","author":"Boboridis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. 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Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR55827.2022.00053"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/23\/7466\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:20Z","timestamp":1760132180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/23\/7466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12237466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12237466","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}