{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:05:37Z","timestamp":1778594737500,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hearing loss caused by middle ear malformations is treated by tympanoplasty to reconstruct the acoustic conduction system. The mobility of the ossicles plays a crucial role in postoperative success. However, identifying the location of ossicular malformation based solely on preoperative audiograms is challenging due to the complex relationship between fixation location, deformity levels, and ossicular mobility. Methods: Middle ear finite element models for simulating ossicular malformations were created, and the results were compared with the actual preoperative audiograms. Results: This approach objectively diagnosed ossicular fixation and disarticulation, bypassing traditional criteria reliant on physician examination or imaging. Conclusion: This study suggests that future research should focus on developing a diagnostic framework utilizing large-scale data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T05:28:21Z","timestamp":1701667701000},"page":"7493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnosing Middle Ear Malformation by Pure-Tone Audiometry Using a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shin-ichiro","family":"Kita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka 5308480, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-0056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 5458585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka 5308480, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoji","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1861-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 4008510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuji","family":"Koike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1828585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Kanemaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka 5308480, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.07.018","article-title":"Controlled Exploration of the Effects of Conductive Hearing Loss on Wideband Acoustic Immittance in Human Cadaveric Preparations","volume":"341","author":"Merchant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949310200807","article-title":"Classification of Congenital Middle Ear Anomalies Report on 144 Ears","volume":"102","author":"Teunissen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. 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