{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1791020041631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Beauveria bassiana is a filamentous fungus commonly used as an insecticide that rarely causes keratitis. Methods: Patients affected by Beauveria bassiana keratitis were retrospectively recruited at San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) between 2020 and 2022. All subjects underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, including in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and microbiologic examination of corneal scrapings. Beauveria bassiana was identified using 18S rDNA targeted PCR. Results: Four eyes of four patients (51 \u00b1 8.8 years old) were evaluated. The main risk factors were soft contact lens wear (75%) and trauma with vegetative matter (50%). A superficial infiltrate was displayed in the majority of patients. Three cases (75%) showed hyphae on IVCM. All patients showed clinical improvement after topical antifungal therapy, although mostly through a combination of two antifungals (75%). One patient with a deeper infection required a systemic antifungal agent after one month of topical therapy. All cases required debridement to reduce the microbial load and enhance drug penetration. All patients experienced keratitis resolution following medical treatment (average: 3.3 months). Conclusions: The identification of risk factors and the early diagnosis of Beauveria bassiana keratitis are fundamental in order to avoid its penetration in the deeper corneal stromal layers. Topical antifungal drugs, possibly accompanied by ulcer debridement, may be a successful treatment if instilled from the early phases of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1702303971000},"page":"7601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Beauveria bassiana Keratitis: A Case Series and Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-2839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl Anders","family":"Knutsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Tombolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Di Biase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Senni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Buffoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Clementi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Carletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicasio","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Paganoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200408000-00008","article-title":"Fungal keratitis","volume":"15","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. 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