{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:52:40Z","timestamp":1788306760930,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains the most common presentation of glomerular diseases in children. Moreover, NS is primarily idiopathic, accounting for 90% of cases, with an average onset age between 2 and 10 years. The objective of our study was to describe the characteristics and outcomes of NS in children from three major hospitals in one of the world\u2019s poorest countries, Chad. Patients and Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and multicenter study took place over a period of 36 months (1 January 2019\u201331 December 2021) and was carried out in three hospitals in N\u2019Djamena, Chad. Children aged 1\u201315 years presenting with NS were included in the study. Results: Out of 16,776 children hospitalized or followed up with in outpatient clinics, 24 cases of NS were identified, yielding a prevalence of 0.14%. The median age at presentation was 6.16 years (1\u201310). Nineteen children were male (sex ratio 3.8). Eight cases were classified as impure NS (33.3%). Edema was present in all patients, while oliguria was present in 29.16% (n = 7), and arterial hypertension was present in 20.83% (n = 5) of cases. Mean proteinuria, albuminemia, and total proteins were 2.86g\/L, 19.13g\/L and 30.41g\/L, respectively. The median serum creatinine was 87.3 \u00b5mol\/L (75\u20131375 \u00b5mol\/L). Three patients experienced acute renal failure upon admission. Four patients had secondary NS. All idiopathic NS patients (n = 20) who had received corticosteroid therapy had a 90% response rate to steroids. Non-responsive or relapsed patients underwent kidney biopsy (n = 7), revealing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; n = 4) as the most common histological lesion, followed by minimal change disease (n = 2) and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 1). The median length of hospitalization stay was 10.67 (5\u201327) days. None of the patients with idiopathic NS died. At the last follow-up, sixteen patients (80%) achieved long-term complete remission with normal renal function; however, four of those had subsequent relapses. One patient with secondary NS died. Conclusion: In Chad, childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome predominantly affects young males; steroid sensitivity is as high as 95%, and in the long-term, 80% of patients achieve remission with normal renal function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1702303971000},"page":"7626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children in Chad: Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-5011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Mahamat Abderraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology-Dialysis Department, CHU la Renaissance, N\u2019Djamena, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Djidita Hagr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, CHU M\u00e8re et Enfant, N\u2019Djamena 2029, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hissein Ali","family":"Mahamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology-Dialysis Department, CHU la Renaissance, N\u2019Djamena, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senoussi","family":"Charfadine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology-Dialysis Department, CHU la Renaissance, N\u2019Djamena, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Sakine","family":"Amne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, CHU M\u00e8re et Enfant, N\u2019Djamena 2029, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adoum Attimer","family":"Khadidja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, CHU M\u00e8re et Enfant, N\u2019Djamena 2029, Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5130-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Rostaing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Transplantation Department, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.09.005","article-title":"Glomerular Diseases in Children","volume":"24","author":"Wenderfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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