{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:26:11Z","timestamp":1788913571711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease with heterogenous clinical phenotypes characterized by non-necrotizing granuloma formation in affected organs. Most disease either remits spontaneously or responds to corticosteroids and second-line disease-modifying therapies. These medications are associated with numerous toxicities that can significantly impact patient quality-of-life and often limit their long-term use. Additionally, a minority of patients experience chronic, progressive disease that proves refractory to standard treatments. To date, there are limited data to guide the selection of alternative third-line medications for these patients. This review will outline the pathobiological rationale behind current and emerging therapeutic agents for refractory or drug-intolerant sarcoidosis and summarize the existing clinical evidence in support of their use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1702965791000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emerging Therapeutic Options for Refractory Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: The Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms of Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, 301 E 17th St Suite 550, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, 301 E 17th St Suite 550, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rany","family":"Condos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, 301 E 17th St Suite 550, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry M.","family":"Hena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University, 301 E 17th St Suite 550, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e8ve, P., Pacheco, Y., Durupt, F., Jamilloux, Y., Gerfaud-Valentin, M., Isaac, S., Boussel, L., Calender, A., Androdias, G., and Valeyre, D. 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