{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:24:42Z","timestamp":1791912282400,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qatar University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the oral health statuses of children and adults within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population through an umbrella review approach. The prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and associated variables were investigated across selected studies. A systematic search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, Science Direct, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Wiley Online Library to identify relevant studies. The assessed variables included dental caries prevalence, periodontal disease prevalence, oral hygiene indicators, and the necessity of dental treatment. The pooled prevalence rates, odds ratios, and standardized mean differences were calculated where applicable. The pooled prevalence of dental caries among ASD individuals ranged from 60.6% to 67.3%, while the periodontal disease prevalence ranged from 59.8% to 69.4%. High rates of dental treatment under general anesthesia were reported. Heterogeneous dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence rates were identified, highlighting the need for collaboration and preventive care. Several studies also reported higher prevalence rates of dental trauma and self-inflicted oral injuries among individuals with ASD. However, the review also identified significant methodological limitations in the included studies, including inconsistency in oral health assessment methods and potential bias. The necessity for targeted policies due to high prevalence rates and the requirement for integrated care systems in high DMFT regions were also observed. The umbrella review synthesized diverse findings, revealing variations in dental caries and periodontal disease prevalence among ASD individuals. This review underscores the need for tailored interventions and policies to address oral health disparities. It highlights the necessity of integrated care systems, methodological improvements, and longitudinal studies to comprehensively address the multifaceted oral health challenges within the ASD population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T01:19:42Z","timestamp":1703207982000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral Health Statuses of Children and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Umbrella Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Waqas","family":"Sami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Clinical Affairs, College of Nursing, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3941-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Shakil","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1322-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyaz Ahamed","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Miraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadiya","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Hamza","family":"Molla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders and oral health status:review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Ferrazzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-019-0529-7","article-title":"A rapid review of barriers to oral healthcare for vulnerable people","volume":"227","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2011.00178.x","article-title":"Receipt of dental care and barriers encountered by persons with disabilities","volume":"31","author":"Rouleau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sp\u00e9c. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"392","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"275","article-title":"Autism disorder (AD): An updated review for paediatric dentists","volume":"8","author":"Udhya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshatrat, S.M., Al-Bakri, I.A., Al-Omari, W.M., and Al Mortadi, N.A. (2021). Oral health knowledge and dental behavior among individuals with autism in Jordan: A case\u2013control study. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01423-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2014.03.002","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Update on Oral Health Management","volume":"14","author":"Gandhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"160","article-title":"Exploring Barriers to Oral Health Care Experienced by Individuals Living with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"55","author":"Bernath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.02.014","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"152","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572011000300006","article-title":"Dental caries experience, oral health status and treatment needs of dental patients with autism","volume":"19","author":"Jaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04256-x","article-title":"Dental Caries Status in Autistic Children: A Meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.02.006","article-title":"A systematic review of population-based gingival health studies among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"AlOtaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e344","article-title":"Incidence of oral health in paediatric patients with disabilities: Sensory disorders and autism spectrum disorder. Systematic review II","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e275","article-title":"Prevalence of oral disease and treatment types proposed to children affected by Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Pediatric Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"171","author":"Corridore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12274","article-title":"Oral health status of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Gimenez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319877337","article-title":"Oral health status of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of case-control studies and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ningrum, V., Bakar, A., Shieh, T.-M., and Shih, Y.-H. (2021). The Oral Health Inequities between Special Needs Children and Normal Children in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040410"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140026","article-title":"Association of gingivitis with child oral health-related quality of life","volume":"85","author":"Tomazoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomqvist, M., Bejerot, S., and Dahll\u00f6f, G. (2015). A cross-sectional study on oral health and dental care in intellectually able adults with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0065-z"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2011.00187.x","article-title":"Oral care and sensory sensitivities in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"31","author":"Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dentist."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x","article-title":"Annotation: What do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence","volume":"46","author":"Rogers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12025","article-title":"Understanding the sensory experiences of young people with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary investigation","volume":"60","author":"Ashburner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Occup. Ther. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.1.l6287842uj536x13","article-title":"Oral health status of autistic children in India","volume":"36","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.03.006","article-title":"Salivary antioxidants and oral health in children with autism","volume":"57","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.012","article-title":"Dental health\u2014A challenging problem for a patient with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e460","article-title":"Validation of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory in an Italian Population with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"170","author":"Tofani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder and intact executive functioning","volume":"167","author":"Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e382","article-title":"Occupational Therapy\u2019s efficacy in children with Asperger\u2019s syndrome: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"170","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e273","article-title":"Indagine su un gruppo di bambini autistici: Possibili fattori di rischio e considerazioni medico sociali [Investigation on a group of autistic children: Risk factors and medical social considerations]","volume":"164","author":"Troili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"96","article-title":"Preventive strategies in oral health for special needs patients","volume":"6","author":"Vozza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, A., Mascarenhas, P., Botelho, J., Machado, V., Balixa, G., and Bandeira Lopes, L. (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorders and Malocclusions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102727"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Motta, T.P., Owens, J., Abreu, L.G., Debossan, S.A.T., Vargas-Ferreira, F., and Vettore, M.V. (2022). Malocclusion characteristics amongst individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02366-0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13544","article-title":"Factors influencing oral health behaviours, access and delivery of dental care for autistic children and adolescents: A mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Erwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Expect."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/1\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:03Z","timestamp":1760132403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/1\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13010059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13010059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}