{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:03:14Z","timestamp":1784127794663,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education and Science called, \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d in the years 2019\u20132023","award":["024\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves\u2019 disease (GD). Similar to GD, TED is caused by an autoimmune response. TED is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, swelling, redness, conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes. The pathophysiology of TED is complex, with the infiltration of activated T lymphocytes and activation of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) and autoantibodies against the common autoantigen of thyroid and orbital tissues. Better understanding of the multifactorial pathogenesis of TED contributes to the development of more effective therapies. In this review, we present current and potential drug targets. The ideal treatment should slow progression of the disease with as little interference with patient immunity as possible. In the future, TED treatment will target the immune mechanism involved in the disease and will be based on a strategy of restoring tolerance to autoantigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:48:37Z","timestamp":1703450917000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunological Processes in the Orbit and Indications for Current and Potential Drug Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5703-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ciepli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Markers, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5481-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Niedziela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384","article-title":"2018 European Thyroid Association Guideline for the Management of Graves\u2019 Hyperthyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Kahaly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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