{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:46:15Z","timestamp":1760150775944,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of the Spanish Government","award":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n-Departamento de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento","award":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107058RB-I00","LMP39_21","956720"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We aimed to study the optical and retinal modifications that occur after adapting to different lighting conditions including photopic, mesopic, scotopic, blue light and red light conditions. Methods: Thirty young healthy subjects with a mean age of 23.57 \u00b1 3.45 years were involved in the study (both eyes included). They underwent aberrometry and optical coherence tomography at both the central and peripheral retina with the 3 \u00d7 3 mm2 macular cube protocol before starting adaptation to the illuminations (baseline) and after remaining for 5 min under the five different lighting conditions inside a controlled lighting cabinet. Results: Significant myopization (p = 0.002) was observed under scotopic and mesopic lighting conditions, while hypermetropization occurred under the influence of blue LED light. In the central retina, a significant thickening of the inner temporal (p = 0.025) and outer inferior (p = 0.021) areas was observed in the scotopic area, and the thickening increased even more under blue and red light. The mean central thickness decreased significantly under photopic lighting conditions (p = 0.038). There was an increase in the mean volume of the central retinal area with red light and a reduction in the volume under photopic lighting (p = 0.039). In the peripheral retina, no significant thickness changes were observed after adapting to any of the lighting conditions (p &gt; 0.05). Regarding morphological changes, a significant increase in retinal eccentricity (p = 0.045) and the shape factor (p = 0.036) was found. In addition, a significant correlation was found only between the eccentricity and volume of the central retina in scotopic conditions (r = \u22120.265; p = 0.041), meaning that a higher volume was associated with lower retinal eccentricity. Conclusions: When exposed to different lighting conditions, the retina changes in shape, and ocular refraction is modified to adapt to each condition, revealing the phenomenon of night myopia when transitioning from photopic to scotopic regimes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T09:15:11Z","timestamp":1703841311000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adaptive Illuminance Effects on Retinal Morphology and Refraction: A Comprehensive Study of Night Myopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Orduna-Hospital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Crespo-Castan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Sanchez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1996.96000245.x","article-title":"Night myopia and driving","volume":"16","author":"Charman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.37.000321","article-title":"The Change in Refractive Power of the Human Eye in Dim and Bright Light","volume":"37","author":"Wald","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artal, P., Schwarz, C., C\u00e1novas, C., and Mira-Agudelo, A. (2012). Night Myopia Studied with an Adaptive Optics Visual Analyzer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040239"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90169-3","article-title":"Night myopia","volume":"29","author":"Hope","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wyszecki, G., and Stiles, W.S. (2000). Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0712","article-title":"Directional sensitivity of the retina: 75 years of Stiles-Crawford effect","volume":"275","author":"Westheimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.41.1061_1","article-title":"Accommodation and Night Myopia","volume":"41","author":"Otero","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/12.5.4","article-title":"Shedding light on night myopia","volume":"12","author":"Thibos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0426","article-title":"Regional Variations in the Relationship between Macular Thickness Measurements and Myopia","volume":"48","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00788.x","article-title":"Retinal thickness in myopic and non-myopic eyes","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2012.00749.x","article-title":"Macular thickness and volume of myopic eyes measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"95","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12862","article-title":"Choroidal changes in human myopia: Insights from optical coherence tomography imaging","volume":"102","author":"Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182640996","article-title":"Myopia progression in Chinese children is slower in summer than in winter","volume":"89","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200201000-00012","article-title":"Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation","volume":"79","author":"Fulk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.022","article-title":"Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children","volume":"120","author":"Cui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13029","article-title":"Seasonal Variations in the Progression of Myopia in Children Enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial","volume":"55","author":"Gwiazda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.43.000027","article-title":"Measurement of Accommodation in Dim Light and in Darkness by Means of the Purkinje Images","volume":"43","author":"Koomen","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.46.000060","article-title":"Infrared Skiascopic Measurements of Refractive Changes in Dim Illumination and in Darkness","volume":"46","author":"Chin","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.40","article-title":"Effects of Narrowband Light on Choroidal Thickness and the Pupil","volume":"61","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6779","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15978","article-title":"Light Exposure and Eye Growth in Childhood","volume":"56","author":"Read","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orduna-Hospital, E., \u00c1vila, F.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Espinosa, G., and Sanchez-Cano, A. (2022). Lighting-Induced Changes in Central and Peripheral Retinal Thickness and Shape after Short-Term Reading Tasks in Electronic Devices. Photonics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9120990"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.41.000080","article-title":"A Study of Night Myopia","volume":"41","author":"Koomen","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, June 02). Anomalous Myopias and the Intermediate Dark Focus of Accommodation on JSTOR. Available online: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1740919."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1983.tb01441.x","article-title":"Accommodation as the primary cause of low-luminance myopia. Experimental evidence","volume":"61","author":"Epstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1981.tb05770.x","article-title":"Low-Luminance Myopia as Measured with a Laser Optometer","volume":"59","author":"Epstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-023-00332-7","article-title":"Additive effects of narrowband light and optical defocus on chick eye growth and refraction","volume":"10","author":"Chun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25158414211059246","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414211059246","article-title":"Light and myopia: From epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/16.8.16","article-title":"Night myopia is reduced in binocular vision","volume":"16","author":"Chirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orduna-Hospital, E., Munarriz-Escribano, M., and Sanchez-Cano, A. (2023). Visual Quality, Motility Behavior, and Retinal Changes Associated with Reading Tasks Performed on Electronic Devices. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081777"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.4.16","article-title":"Relative Myopic Defocus in the Superior Retina as an Indicator of Myopia Development in Children","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67940-4","article-title":"Myopia induces meridional growth asymmetry of the retina: A pilot study using wide-field swept-source OCT","volume":"10","author":"Breher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/1\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:20Z","timestamp":1760132660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/1\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13010211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13010211","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]}}}