{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T21:47:04Z","timestamp":1768254424491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess outer retinal layer (ORL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid (Ch) and choriocapillaris (CC) modifications in adolescents with long-lasting (&gt;10 years) type 1 diabetes (T1D) without (noDR) or with diabetic retinopathy (DR). ORL and RPE thickness were measured at optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular scans. Vascular parameters of Ch and CC were quantified after elaboration of macular OCT-angiography (OCTA) images. Insulin dose and auxological and metabolic parameters were correlated with OCT and OCTA findings in patients. ORL thickness was higher in DR eyes than in noDR and healthy controls (HC), and RPE thickness was higher in noDR and DR eyes than in HC, with statistical significance for some sectors in noDR versus HC. No OCTA parameters of CC and Ch differed among groups, and no significant correlation was observed with auxological and metabolic parameters. In conclusion, ORL and RPE were both increased in adolescents with long-lasting T1D. Such changes were not associated with insulin dose and glycemia control, nor to any choroid or choriocapillaris flow change clinically detectable at OCTA, and they could be potential imaging biomarkers of disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T06:00:21Z","timestamp":1704002421000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outer Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Adolescents with Long-Lasting Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2014Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cosmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2014Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Torresin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2014Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2014Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Gutierrez De Rubalcava Doblas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Midena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Midena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience\u2014Ophthalmology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00239-1","article-title":"Neurovascular Unit in Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathophysiological Roles and Potential Therapeutical Targets","volume":"8","author":"Nian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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