{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T20:23:02Z","timestamp":1784492582991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, the infectious complications observed in sarcoidosis are considered from a practical point of view to help the clinician not to overlook them in a difficult context, as pulmonary sarcoidosis makes the recognition of superinfections more difficult. An increased incidence of community-acquired pneumonia and of opportunistic pneumonia has been reported, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Pulmonary destructive lesions of advanced sarcoidosis increase the incidence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and infection by other agents. Screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection are crucial to prevent severe tuberculosis. Severity in COVID-19 appears to be increased by comorbidities rather than by sarcoidosis per se. The diagnosis of infectious complications can be challenging and should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis when the exacerbation of sarcoidosis is suspected. These complications not only increase the need for hospitalizations, but also increase the risk of death. This aspect must be carefully considered when assessing the overall health burden associated with sarcoidosis. The impact of immune dysregulation on infectious risk is unclear except in exceptional cases. In the absence of evidence-based studies on immunosuppressants in the specific context of pulmonary sarcoidosis, it is recommended to apply guidelines used in areas outside sarcoidosis. Preventive measures are essential, beginning with an appropriate use of immunosuppressants and the avoidance of unjustified treatments and doses. This approach should take into account the risk of tuberculosis, especially in highly endemic countries. Additionally, parallel emphasis should be placed on vaccinations, especially against COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Infectious Complications of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dominique","family":"Valeyre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM-UMR 1272, SMBH Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris-Nord, 93009 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bernaudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM-UMR 1272, SMBH Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris-Nord, 93009 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Brauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Radiologie, H\u00f4pital Avicenne, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilario","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM-UMR 1272, SMBH Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris-Nord, 93009 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital Avicenne, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Jeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM-UMR 1272, SMBH Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris-Nord, 93009 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Service de Pneumologie, H\u00f4pital Avicenne, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2101555","article-title":"Challenges of Sarcoidosis and Its Management","volume":"385","author":"Drent","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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