{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:57:47Z","timestamp":1787237867136,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common in middle aged and older adult individuals. DM may accelerate the aging process, and the age-related declines in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) can pose a challenge to diagnosing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) using standard diagnostic criteria especially with the absence of severe albuminuria among older adults. In the presence of CKD and DM, older adult patients may need multidisciplinary care due to susceptibility to various health issues, e.g., cognitive decline, auditory or visual impairment, various comorbidities, complex medical regimens, and increased sensitivity to medication adverse effects. As a result, it can be challenging to apply recent therapeutic advancements for the general population to older adults. We review the evidence that the benefits from these newer therapies apply equally to older and younger patients with CKD and diabetes type 2 and propose a comprehensive management. This framework will address nonpharmacological measures and pharmacological management with renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), non-steroidal mineralocorticoids receptor antagonists (MRAs), and glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:21:38Z","timestamp":1704691298000},"page":"348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease in the Older Adult Patient with Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Raja","family":"Ravender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 04-2785, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Eleni","family":"Roumelioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 04-2785, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren W.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 04-2785, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Unruh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 04-2785, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9679-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 04-2785, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Diabetes: Estimates for the Year 2000 and Projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.09.010","article-title":"KDOQI US Commentary on the KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in CKD","volume":"79","author":"Mottl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.06.008","article-title":"KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"102","author":"Rossing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Kidney Disease Among US Adults with Diabetes, 1988\u20132014","volume":"316","author":"Afkarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.04.001","article-title":"The Emerging Concept of Chronic Kidney Disease without Clinical Proteinuria in Diabetic Patients","volume":"38","author":"Halimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.03.002","article-title":"The Changing Landscape of Diabetic Kidney Disease: New Reflections on Phenotype, Classification, and Disease Progression to Influence Future Investigative Studies and Therapeutic Trials","volume":"21","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4091761","article-title":"Non-Proteinuric Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"4","author":"Robles","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.10.011","article-title":"Diabetic Kidney Disease in Elderly Individuals","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfx034","article-title":"Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Do They Really Need Referral to the Nephrology Clinic?","volume":"10","author":"McClure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112828","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.12828","article-title":"Progression and Regression of Chronic Kidney Disease by Age Among Adults in a Population-Based Cohort in Alberta, Canada","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012070718","article-title":"de Kidney Disease and Increased Mortality Risk in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Afkarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"JASN"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000154","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000154","article-title":"Understanding CKD among Patients with T2DM: Prevalence, Temporal Trends, and Treatment Patterns\u2014NHANES 2007\u20132012","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.16817","article-title":"Age and the Association of Kidney Measures with Mortality and End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"308","author":"Hallan","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Pandemic of Diabetes and Kidney Disease","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney News"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020 (2024, January 07). Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. 2020, 32, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/data\/statistics-report\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2207018","article-title":"Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease among Adults with Diabetes, 2015\u20132020","volume":"387","author":"Tuttle","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A8","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.02.001","article-title":"US Renal Data System 2021 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States","volume":"79","author":"Johansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, G.T., De Cosmo, S., Viazzi, F., Mirijello, A., Ceriello, A., Guida, P., Giorda, C., Cucinotta, D., Pontremoli, R., and Fioretto, P. (2018). Diabetic Kidney Disease in the Elderly: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0732-4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018050531","article-title":"Projecting ESRD Incidence and Prevalence in the United States through 2030","volume":"30","author":"McCullough","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.10.018","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Trends in Prevalence of Diabetic Kidney Disease in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Center for Medicare & Medical Services, Office of Minority Health (2017). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Prevalence, Self-Management, and Health Outcomes among Medicare Beneficiaries."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00006","article-title":"The Association between Age and Nephrosclerosis on Renal Biopsy among Healthy Adults","volume":"152","author":"Rule","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.08.010","article-title":"AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"66","author":"Najafian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Murshed, K., Noheir, T., and Akhtar, M. (2023, December 12). Diabetic Kidney Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/kidneydiabetes.html?callback=in&code=YZQ4NDDIYZITYJZMZI0ZMGUXLTK1YTKTNJUWYMY5ZJBJMZI1&state=d4271297609e47d1b1890e08bec967dc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010010","article-title":"Pathologic Classification of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Tervaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.035592","article-title":"Distinguishing Diabetic Nephropathy from Other Causes of Glomerulosclerosis: An Update","volume":"60","author":"Alsaad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111523","article-title":"Structural-Functional Relationships in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"74","author":"Mauer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020154","article-title":"The Substantial Loss of Nephrons in Healthy Human Kidneys with Aging","volume":"28","author":"Denic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614329","article-title":"Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults","volume":"376","author":"Denic","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.128","article-title":"Effects of Aging on Glomerular Function and Number in Living Kidney Donors","volume":"78","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.434","article-title":"Genetic Analysis of Albuminuria in Aging Mice and Concordance with Loci for Human Diabetic Nephropathy Found in a Genome-Wide Association Scan","volume":"77","author":"Tsaih","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1563","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90302.2008","article-title":"Accelerated Senescence in the Kidneys of Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"295","author":"Verzola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01314-y","article-title":"Role of Senescent Renal Cells in Pathophysiology of Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"20","author":"Wiley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(01)00103-0","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Cells and Tissues Due to Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)","volume":"32","author":"Kasper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.07.002","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation Potentiates Kidney Aging","volume":"29","author":"Mei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.401","article-title":"Role of Oxidants\/Inflammation in Declining Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and Normal Aging","volume":"76","author":"Vlassara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.07.013","article-title":"Identifying Advanced Glycation End Products as a Major Source of Oxidants in Aging: Implications for the Management and\/or Prevention of Reduced Renal Function in Elderly Persons","volume":"29","author":"Vlassara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234059","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1234059","article-title":"Accelerated Kidney Aging in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2020","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"88","article-title":"Malignant Hypertension Produced by Treatment with Desoxycorticosterone Acetate and Sodium Chloride","volume":"49","author":"Selye","year":"1943","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa137","article-title":"Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T23","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0060","article-title":"30 Years of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Coregulators as Mediators of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signalling Diversity","volume":"234","author":"Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754239","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.754239","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"12","author":"Kawanami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00382.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Renal Artery Stenosis in Diabetes Mellitus\u2014An Autopsy Study","volume":"229","author":"Sawicki","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0209","article-title":"Arteriolar Hyalinosis Predicts Increase in Albuminuria and GFR Decline in Normo- and Microalbuminuric Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Moriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2572","article-title":"Renal Structure in Normoalbuminuric and Albuminuric Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Renal Function","volume":"36","author":"Ekinci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-013-0870-0","article-title":"Kidney Lesions in Diabetic Patients with Normoalbuminuric Renal Insufficiency","volume":"18","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Q., Chen, N., Zeng, L., Lin, X.-J., Jiang, F.-X., Zhuang, X.-J., and Lu, Z.-Y. (2021). Clinical Features of and Risk Factors for Normoalbuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease in Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00769-8"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1620","article-title":"Risk Factors for Renal Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes: U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74","volume":"55","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871272","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.871272","article-title":"Comparison of Nonalbuminuric and Albuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4813","article-title":"Accounting for Age in the Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2019030238","article-title":"CKD: A Call for an Age-Adapted Definition","volume":"30","author":"Delanaye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"17","article-title":"An Age-Calibrated Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease: Rationale and Benefits","volume":"37","author":"Delanaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006050517","article-title":"Microalbuminuria as an Early Marker for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"17","author":"Parving","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.09211.x","article-title":"Microalbuminuria Is Associated with Impaired Brachial Artery, Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Elderly Individuals without and with Diabetes: Further Evidence for a Link between Microalbuminuria and Endothelial Dysfunction\u2014The Hoorn Study","volume":"66","author":"Stehouwer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32305-0","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Albuminuria in Elderly of Various Ages with Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0001-y","article-title":"CKD in Diabetes: Diabetic Kidney Disease versus Nondiabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"14","author":"Anders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80008-4","article-title":"Geriatric Diabetic Nephropathy: An Analysis of Renal Referral in Patients Age 60 or Older","volume":"16","author":"Iqbal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"61","article-title":"Comparison of the Prevalence and Associated Features of Abnormal Albumin Excretion in Insulin-Dependent and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Marshall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.118","article-title":"Prevalence and Causes of Albuminuria in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients","volume":"41","author":"Parving","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-6632(91)90006-B","article-title":"Albuminuria and Associated Medical Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in 476 Type I (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetic Patients. Part 1","volume":"5","author":"Torffvit","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Diabet. Complicat."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2009.06.005","article-title":"Diabetic Nephropathy in the Elderly","volume":"25","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(04)00944-8","article-title":"Renal Biopsy in Patients Aged 80 Years and Older","volume":"44","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedi, M., Bobot, M., Torrents, J., Gobert, P., Magnant, \u00c9., Knefati, Y., Verhelst, D., Lebrun, G., Masson, V., and Giaime, P. (2021). Kidney Biopsy in Very Elderly Patients: Indications, Therapeutic Impact and Complications. BMC Nephrol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02559-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-006-0088-0","article-title":"Safety of Kidney Biopsy in Elderly: A Prospective Study","volume":"38","author":"Kohli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220600840165","article-title":"Renal Biopsy in Elderly Patients: A Clinicopathological Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Uezono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)80056-5","article-title":"Diabetic Nephropathy in the Elderly","volume":"33","author":"Doucet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4050998","article-title":"Renal Biopsy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"4","author":"Espinel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"97","article-title":"Renal Biopsy in Patients with Diabetes: A Pooled Meta-Analysis of 48 Studies","volume":"32","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80655-X","article-title":"Workshop on the Use of Renal Biopsy in Research on Diabetic Nephropathy: A Summary Report","volume":"18","author":"Glassock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faller, B., Beuscart, J.-B., and Frimat, L. (2013). Competing-Risk Analysis of Death and Dialysis Initiation among Elderly (\u226580 Years) Newly Referred to Nephrologists: A French Prospective Study. BMC Nephrol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-103"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02980322","article-title":"Moving from Evidence to Implementation of Breakthrough Therapies for Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"17","author":"Tuttle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.576","article-title":"Physical Activity Advice Only or Structured Exercise Training and Association with HbA1c Levels in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"305","author":"Umpierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.150684","article-title":"Prescribing Exercise Interventions for Patients with Chronic Conditions","volume":"188","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0702-5","article-title":"Editorial: What Is New in Exercise Regimes for Frail Older People\u2013How Does the Erasmus Vivifrail Project Take Us Forward?","volume":"20","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horikawa, C., Aida, R., Tanaka, S., Kamada, C., Tanaka, S., Yoshimura, Y., Kodera, R., Fujihara, K., Kawasaki, R., and Moriya, T. (2021). Sodium Intake and Incidence of Diabetes Complications in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes-Analysis of Data from the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Study (J-EDIT). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020689"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403313301301","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction and Blood-Pressure Control on the Progression of Chronic Renal Disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group","volume":"330","author":"Klahr","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601474","article-title":"Protein Restriction, Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Trial","volume":"56","author":"Pijls","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.05.024","article-title":"ESPEN Guideline on Clinical Nutrition and Hydration in Geriatrics","volume":"38","author":"Volkert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.01.018","article-title":"Nutritional Status and the Risk of Malnutrition in Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease\u2013Implications for Low Protein Intake and Nutritional Care: A Critical Review Endorsed by ERN-ERA and ESPEN","volume":"42","author":"Piccoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V.R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F.M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., and Isaacs, D. (2022). 13. Older Adults: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45, S195\u2013S207.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S013"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.511","article-title":"Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes: Still Worthwhile and Worth Pursuing","volume":"301","author":"Kahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02644.x","article-title":"Glycemic Control of Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"48","author":"Shorr","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.460","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Episodes and Risk of Dementia in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"301","author":"Whitmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998). Effect of Intensive Blood-Glucose Control with Metformin on Complications in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet, 352, 854\u2013865.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998). Intensive Blood-Glucose Control with Sulphonylureas or Insulin Compared with Conventional Treatment and Risk of Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet, 352, 837\u2013853.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.026","article-title":"Executive Summary of the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"99","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control","volume":"373","author":"Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32332-1","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Lowering LDL Cholesterol in Older Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"396","author":"Gencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6084","article-title":"Evaluation of Time to Benefit of Statins for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Adults Aged 50 to 75 Years: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"181","author":"Yourman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"99","author":"Cheung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60739-3","article-title":"The Effects of Lowering LDL Cholesterol with Simvastatin plus Ezetimibe in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"377","author":"Baigent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011303","article-title":"Renoprotective Effect of the Angiotensin-Receptor Antagonist Irbesartan in Patients with Nephropathy Due to Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"345","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011161","article-title":"Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy","volume":"345","author":"Brenner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010010063","article-title":"Comparison of Different Measures of Urinary Protein Excretion for Prediction of Renal Events","volume":"21","author":"Gansevoort","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00653.x","article-title":"Proteinuria, a Target for Renoprotection in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL","volume":"65","author":"Remuzzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S360","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2021.88806","article-title":"ACE Inhibitor or ARB Treatment among Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"27","author":"Fried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1242-z","article-title":"High-Risk Diabetic Patients in Medicare Part D Programs: Are They Getting the Recommended ACEI\/ARB Therapy?","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.30264.x","article-title":"Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in High-Risk Clinical and Ethnic Groups with Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Rosen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, D., Winocour, P., Chowdhury, T.A., De, P., Wahba, M., Montero, R., Fogarty, D., Frankel, A.H., Karalliedde, J., and Mark, P.B. (2022). Management of Hypertension and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade in Adults with Diabetic Kidney Disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK Guideline Update 2021. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02587-5"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","article-title":"Combined Angiotensin Inhibition for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"369","author":"Fried","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0193","article-title":"Association Between Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Discontinuation and All-Cause Mortality Among Persons with Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate","volume":"180","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"255","article-title":"Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor\/Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Withdrawal in Advanced Renal Disease: The STOP-ACEi Trial","volume":"31","author":"Bhandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210639","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"387","author":"Bhandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.011","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors and Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With CKD: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0864","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Glucose-Lowering Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"173","author":"Tsapas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05407-5","article-title":"Effects of Ertugliflozin on Kidney Composite Outcomes, Renal Function and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis from the Randomised VERTIS CV Trial","volume":"64","author":"Cherney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx350","article-title":"Effects of the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Stages 3b-4 Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"33","author":"Dekkers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515920","article-title":"Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Wanner","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004967","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Cannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"387","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"385","author":"Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group, Herrington, W.G., Staplin, N., Wanner, C., Green, J.B., Hauske, S.J., Emberson, J.R., Preiss, D., Judge, P., and Mayne, K.J. (2022). Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 388, 117\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2204233"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.09.013","article-title":"The Renal Hemodynamic Effects of the SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Are Caused by Post-Glomerular Vasodilatation Rather than Pre-Glomerular Vasoconstriction in Metformin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Randomized, Double-Blind RED Trial","volume":"97","author":"Muskiet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02480221","article-title":"Clinical Implications of an Acute Dip in eGFR after SGLT2 Inhibitor Initiation","volume":"16","author":"Heerspink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.031","article-title":"Characterization and Implications of the Initial Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate \u201cdip\u201d upon Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition with Empagliflozin in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial","volume":"99","author":"Kraus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23508","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Outcomes, Heart Failure and Kidney Disease Trials Tell That the Time to Use Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Is Now","volume":"43","author":"Johansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2142078","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.42078","article-title":"Association of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors with Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Other Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.15277\/bjd.2021.292","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Biologically Healthy Older Adults","volume":"21","author":"Strain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group, and SGLT2 Inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists\u2019 Consortium (2022). Impact of Diabetes on the Effects of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors on Kidney Outcomes: Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Large Placebo-Controlled Trials. Lancet, 400, 1788\u20131801."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabbour, S.A., Ibrahim, N.E., and Argyropoulos, C.P. (2022). Physicians\u2019 Considerations and Practice Recommendations Regarding the Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206051"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"CD007004","article-title":"Aldosterone Antagonists in Addition to Renin Angiotensin System Antagonists for Preventing the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2020","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.2002844","article-title":"Differentiation between Emerging Non-Steroidal and Established Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Head-to-Head Comparisons of Pharmacological and Clinical Characteristics","volume":"30","author":"Kolkhof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06870520","article-title":"Esaxerenone (CS-3150) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (ESAX-DN): Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"15","author":"Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJASN"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-020-01963-z","article-title":"Apararenone in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Dose-Response Study and Open-Label Extension Study","volume":"25","author":"Wada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab777","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes with Finerenone in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: The FIDELITY Pooled Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac157","article-title":"Kidney Outcomes with Finerenone: An Analysis from the FIGARO-DKD Study","volume":"38","author":"Ruilope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","article-title":"Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity","volume":"387","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02188-7","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes and Increased Cardiovascular Risk (SURPASS-4): A Randomised, Open-Label, Parallel-Group, Multicentre, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"398","author":"Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107519","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00981-0","article-title":"The Role of Tirzepatide, Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS Clinical Trials","volume":"12","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01324-6","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-1): A Double-Blind, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"398","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02033-5","article-title":"LY3437943, a Novel Triple GIP, GLP-1, and Glucagon Receptor Agonist in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Phase 1b, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomised, Multiple-Ascending Dose Trial","volume":"400","author":"Urva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2022). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin. Diabetes, 40, 10\u201338.","DOI":"10.2337\/cd22-as01"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31150-X","article-title":"Dulaglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Analysis of the REWIND Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"394","author":"Gerstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00243-1","article-title":"Effects of Tirzepatide versus Insulin Glargine on Kidney Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes in the SURPASS-4 Trial: Post-Hoc Analysis of an Open-Label, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"10","author":"Heerspink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616011","article-title":"Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Mann","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","article-title":"Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00203-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular, Mortality, and Kidney Outcomes with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials","volume":"9","author":"Sattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102181","article-title":"Glucometabolic Outcomes of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Based Therapies in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Caruso","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838277","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838277","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of the Combination Therapy With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuen, B.L., Heerspink, H.J.L., Vart, P., Claggett, B.L., Fletcher, R.A., Arnott, C., de Oliveira Costa, J., Falster, M.O., Pearson, S.-A., and Mahaffey, K.W. (2023). Estimated Lifetime Cardiovascular, Kidney and Mortality Benefits of Combination Treatment with SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Non-Steroidal MRA Compared with Conventional Care in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria. Circulation.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067584"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/2\/348\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:41:58Z","timestamp":1760103718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/2\/348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13020348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13020348","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]}}}