{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:06:41Z","timestamp":1791493601895,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Back ground: Children with epilepsy are affected by several factors, including clinical and social variables. Among these variables, cognitive decline and behavioral disturbances, perceptions of stigma, and fatigue can lead to reductions in quality of life (QOL). Epileptic activities, including seizure severity, frequent seizures, and status epilepticus (SE), have been identified as important predictors of QOL. In addition, the frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on electroencephalogram (EEG) may also be an important predictor of QOL, because IEDs can lead to cognitive decline and behavioral disturbances. Moreover, frequent seizures and\/or IEDs may play a role in emotional mediators, such as stigma and fatigue, in childhood epilepsy. Seizure severity and\/or IEDs are, therefore, important QOL-related factors in childhood epilepsy. Seizure severity as a QOL-related factor: Frontal lobe dysfunctions, such as cognitive decline and behavioral disturbances, can result in reduced QOL for both the child and their family. Frontal and prefrontal lobe growth disturbances can be present during active-phase epilepsy in some children with neuropsychological impairments. Recovery from prefrontal lobe growth disturbances may depend on the active seizure period. Children with a shorter active seizure period can recover from disturbances in prefrontal lobe growth more rapidly. In contrast, recovery may be delayed in children with a longer active seizure period. Moreover, frequent seizures can lead to seizure-associated headaches, perceptions of self-stigma and parental stigma, and fatigue. Accordingly, severe seizures can lead to neuropsychological impairments in association with prefrontal lobe growth disturbances in children with epilepsy. EEG abnormalities as QOL-related factors: IEDs on EEG, representing persistent pathological neuronal discharges, may be associated with several pathological aspects. Frontal IEDs can be a risk factor for recurrent seizures, cognitive decline, and behavioral disturbances, and they may also play a role as emotional mediators similar to stigma. In addition, behavioral disturbances may result in the presence of secondary bilateral synchrony (SBS) on EEG. Behavioral disturbances can be improved in association with a reduction in IEDs in children with frontal IEDs and SBS. Therefore, EEG abnormalities, such as frontal IEDs and SBS, can also lead to neuropsychological impairments in children with epilepsy. Therapeutic strategies in children with epilepsy: Seizure severity and IEDs on EEG may be associated with neuropsychological impairments, leading to QOL reduction. Therapeutic management may be desirable to reduce seizures and EEG abnormalities, such as frontal IEDs and SBS, as early as possible to improve QOL in children with epilepsy. During antiseizure medication (ASM) selection and adjustment, physicians should strategize the therapeutic approach to controlling seizures and suppressing EEG abnormalities in children with epilepsy. Among various ASMs, novel ASMs, such as levetiracetam and perampanel, may suppress both clinical seizures and IEDs on EEG; thus, these novel ASMs may represent an important addition to the treatments available for epileptic children presenting with frontal IEDs and SBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T05:24:12Z","timestamp":1704950652000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Therapeutic Strategies in Children with Epilepsy: A Quality-of-Life-Related Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Kanemura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Toho University Medical Center Sakura Hospital, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura 285-8741, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.10.011","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation in pediatric patients: Is it really worthwhile?","volume":"31","author":"Terra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2021.106748","article-title":"A systematic review of seizure clusters: Prevalence, risk factors, burden of disease and treatment patterns","volume":"177","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.04.009","article-title":"Repeated seizures induce prefrontal growth disturbance in frontal lobe epilepsy","volume":"34","author":"Kanemura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.02.019","article-title":"Sequential prefrontal lobe volume changes and cognitive dysfunctions in children with Panayiotopoulos syndrome presenting with status epilepticus","volume":"112","author":"Kanemura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00584-2","article-title":"Cognitive impairment during epileptiform discharges: Is it ever justifiable to treat the EEG?","volume":"2","author":"Binnie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.06.017","article-title":"A comparative study of health related quality of life, psychological well-being, impact of illness and stigma in epilepsy and migraine","volume":"20","author":"Aydemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.12.007","article-title":"Stigma experience of people with epilepsy in Mexico and views of health care providers","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.07.006","article-title":"Fatigue in epilepsy: A prospective inter-ictal and post-ictal survey","volume":"91","author":"Hamelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.03.010","article-title":"How to measure fatigue in epilepsy? 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