{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T21:57:00Z","timestamp":1782770220542,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis, also referred to as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects both internal organs and the skin. Systemic sclerosis predominantly affects female patients and can coexist with other disorders, including those affecting the thyroid gland. Common symptoms such as fatigue and weight changes can be attributed to either systemic sclerosis or thyroid disease. In this comprehensive review, an extensive analysis is conducted using research from 2002 to 2022, sourced from PubMed. The main focus of this exploration is to understand the intricate relationship between thyroid disorders and systemic sclerosis. We obtained these results by analyzing a number of 32285 patients included in 21 original studies. The existing evidence suggests that there is a higher incidence of elevated TSH levels and hypothyroidism in patients with systemic sclerosis, particularly in females, compared to the general population. This remains true even when comparing patients from iodine-deficient regions. Additionally, there is an increased occurrence of hyperthyroidism in the context of systemic sclerosis, which negatively impacts the prognosis of these patients. Furthermore, thyroid antibodies, predominantly anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, and autoimmune disorders are more commonly observed in individuals with systemic sclerosis. Although thyroid nodules are not specifically linked to the disease, when considering thyroid volume, it is observed that the thyroid gland in systemic sclerosis patients has a decreased volume, possibly due to fibrosis. Conversely, other studies have revealed that patients without autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are more likely to have a history of digital ulcers, pulmonary fibrosis detected by computed tomography scan, and a requirement for immunosuppressive medication. The majority of the studies did not establish a connection between thyroid disease in these patients and the occurrence of the limited or diffuse forms of systemic sclerosis, as well as the presence of digital ulcers, calcinosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, scleroderma renal crisis, Raynaud phenomenon, and various other clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T12:56:33Z","timestamp":1704977793000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thyroid Disorders in Systemic Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aifer","family":"Cherim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine 3rd Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020123 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan-Cosmin","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Urology, \u2018Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele\u2019 Clinical Hospital, 050659 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai-Cristian","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Petca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeta","family":"Candrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u2018I. Hatieganu\u2019, 400347 Cluj Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Sandru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: An American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"72","author":"Khanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. 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