{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1784308825253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Med Medical Center","award":["JGCPHD20202024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JGCPHD20202024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most common association related to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is fetal neural tube defect (NTD), and indeed, this is where the international career of this protein began. In times when ultrasonography was not yet technically advanced, the detection of high levels of AFP in maternal serum (MS-AFP) and amniotic fluid was the basis for suspecting neural tube defects. In cases where there was no confirmation of NTD, other causes were sought. It has been established that high titers of MS-AFP could originate in other defects or diseases, such as (1) increased proteinuria in severe fetal kidney diseases; (2) pathological overproduction in liver diseases; (3) penetration through the membranes of gastrointestinal organs exposed to amniotic fluid; (4) passage through the walls of skin vessels; and as a side effect of (5) hepatic hematopoiesis and increased transfer through the edematous placenta in fetal anemia. This article provides a review of the current literature on congenital defects and genetic diseases in the fetus where an elevated level of MS-AFP may serve as the initial diagnostic clue for their detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T07:25:07Z","timestamp":1705303507000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Fetal and Placental Causes of Elevated Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1467-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"G\u0142owska-Ciemny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PreMediCare Prenatal Research Center, 21 Czarna Rola St., 61-625 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"New Med Medical Center, 100 Szamotulska St., 60-566 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Szmyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PreMediCare Prenatal Research Center, 21 Czarna Rola St., 61-625 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Kuszerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PreMediCare Prenatal Research Center, 21 Czarna Rola St., 61-625 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Rzepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"von Kaisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4094-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Kocy\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PreMediCare Prenatal Research Center, 21 Czarna Rola St., 61-625 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"New Med Medical Center, 100 Szamotulska St., 60-566 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OGX.0000099770.97668.18","article-title":"Levels of alpha-fetoprotein during pregnancy and early infancy in normal and disease states","volume":"58","author":"Mizejewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. 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