{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:13:06Z","timestamp":1787170386922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Small renal masses (SRMs) are defined as contrast-enhanced renal lesions less than or equal to 4 cm in maximal diameter, which can be compatible with stage T1a renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Currently, 50\u201361% of all renal tumors are found incidentally. Methods: The characteristics of the lesion influence the choice of the type of management, which include several methods SRM of management, including nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, ablation, observation, and also stereotactic body radiotherapy. Typical imaging methods available for differentiating benign from malignant renal lesions include ultrasound (US), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Although ultrasound is the first imaging technique used to detect small renal lesions, it has several limitations. CT is the main and most widely used imaging technique for SRM characterization. The main advantages of MRI compared to CT are the better contrast resolution and tissue characterization, the use of functional imaging sequences, the possibility of performing the examination in patients allergic to iodine-containing contrast medium, and the absence of exposure to ionizing radiation. For a correct evaluation during imaging follow-up, it is necessary to use a reliable method for the assessment of renal lesions, represented by the Bosniak classification system. This classification was initially developed based on contrast-enhanced CT imaging findings, and the 2019 revision proposed the inclusion of MRI features; however, the latest classification has not yet received widespread validation. Conclusions: The use of radiomics in the evaluation of renal masses is an emerging and increasingly central field with several applications such as characterizing renal masses, distinguishing RCC subtypes, monitoring response to targeted therapeutic agents, and prognosis in a metastatic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1705560082000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Scientific Status Quo of Small Renal Lesions: Diagnostic Assessment and Radiomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Piero","family":"Trovato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igino","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Morrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Division, Igea SpA, 80013 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), SIRM Foundation, Via della Signora 2, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Venanzio","family":"Setola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Giacobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Emergency Radiology Department, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Brunese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Section, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Pecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Triggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School of Radiodiagnostics, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-0028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School of Radiodiagnostics, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Petralia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9518-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Sica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2465-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Division, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. 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