{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:27:37Z","timestamp":1787495257883,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council","award":["STaR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STaR"]}]},{"name":"National Medical Research Council","award":["OF-LCG-000207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OF-LCG-000207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While much evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and PD is unclear. To study their association, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using the following statistical methods: inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weight median, and weighted mode. Independent datasets with no sample overlap were retrieved from the IEU GWAS platform. All the MR methods found a lower risk of PD in T1DM (IVW\u2014OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91\u20130.96, p = 3.12 \u00d7 10\u22125; MR-Egger\u2014OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88\u20130.98, p = 1.45 \u00d7 10\u22122; weighted median\u2014OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89\u20130.98, p = 2.76 \u00d7 10\u22123; and weighted mode\u2014OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.9\u20130.98, p = 1.58 \u00d7 10\u22122). The findings were then replicated with another independent GWAS dataset on T1DM (IVW\u2014OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95\u20130.99, p = 3.10 \u00d7 10\u22123; MR-Egger\u2014OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93\u20130.99, p = 1.08 \u00d7 10\u22122; weighted median\u2014OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94\u20130.99, p = 1.88 \u00d7 10\u22122; weighted mode\u2014OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94\u20130.99, p = 1.43 \u00d7 10\u22122). Thus, our study provides evidence that T1DM may have a protective effect on PD risk, though further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1705577326000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aaron Shengting","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan Jen-Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7842-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao-Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Etiopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jankovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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