{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:05:12Z","timestamp":1770350712714,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Delivering contraceptive hormones through a transdermal patch or a vaginal ring might have advantages over the traditional oral route. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness, compliance, and side effect profile of oral and parenteral drug administration methods. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in four medical databases\u2014MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Embase, and Scopus\u2014from inception to 20 November 2022. Randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy, compliance, and adverse event profile of combined parenteral and oral hormonal contraceptives were included. Results: Our systematic search provided 3952 records; after duplicate removal, we screened 2707 duplicate-free records. A total of 13 eligible studies were identified after title, abstract, and full-text selection. We observed no significant difference in contraceptive efficacy (Pearl Index) between oral and parenteral drug administration (MD = \u22120.06, CI: \u22120.66\u20130.53; I2 = 0%). We found significant subgroup differences between parenteral methods in terms of compliance (\u03c72 = 4.32, p =0.038, I2 = 80%) and certain adverse events: breast discomfort (\u03c72 = 19.04, p =0.001, I2 = 80%), nausea (\u03c72 = 8.04, p =0.005, I2 = 75%), and vomiting (\u03c72 = 9.30, p =0.002; I2 = 72%). Conclusion: Both parenteral and oral contraceptives can be used as an effective contraceptive method, and the route of administration should be tailored to patient needs and adverse event occurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1705643204000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of Combined Parenteral and Oral Hormonal Contraceptives: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Vlesk\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanni Ad\u00e9l","family":"Meznerics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitta","family":"Teutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rk\u00f3","family":"Unicsovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7621 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Feh\u00e9rv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1ndor","family":"\u00c1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Workgroup of Research Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Keszthelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.21392","article-title":"Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Teal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0783-9","article-title":"Contraceptive discontinuation: Frequency and associated factors among undergraduate women in Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Moreau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. 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