{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1792245386269,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The period of pregnancy is characterized by a multitude of diverse changes that exert a notable impact on the oral cavity of women. During this gestational phase, patients necessitate tailored oral care and specific recommendations to preempt and address potential oral diseases. This systematic review aimed to perform a detailed analysis of the research studies that focused on the oral manifestations observed in pregnant women. Methods: A meticulous search was conducted in the databases Medline, Scopus, and Scielo by employing the following search terms: ((pregnant OR pregnancy)) AND ((\u201coral manifestation*\u201d) OR (\u201coral health\u201d)). Articles that were published between 2013 and 2023 and written in English or Spanish and studies that scrutinized oral manifestations in pregnant women and included a diagnosis conducted by a qualified dentist were selected; we excluded articles published before 2013, articles that could not be accessed in full text, studies whose patients were not pregnant women at the time of the study, studies where patients were selected because they had a specific disease, studies where the clinical examination was not performed by a dentist, and articles written in languages other than English or Spanish. Subsequently, the risk of bias in the chosen articles was assessed in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale. Results: A total of 20 studies were included in the analysis, following the exclusion and inclusion criteria. These studies were categorized as cross-sectional, cohort, longitudinal, or case\u2013control. Various oral manifestations in pregnant women were examined, with five studies comparing these manifestations with those observed in nonpregnant women. Conclusions: The most prevalent oral manifestations associated with pregnancy encompass dental caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, pyogenic granuloma, and candidiasis. Nonetheless, less common lesions may also emerge during the course of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T10:32:38Z","timestamp":1706178758000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral Manifestations in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Pilar","family":"Pecci-Lloret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Covadonga","family":"Linares-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Ram\u00f3n","family":"Pecci-Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo El\u00edas","family":"O\u00f1ate-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1765","article-title":"Peso, edad gestacional e historia gen\u00e9sica previa de la gestante","volume":"33","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Cuba. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Qualidade de Vida e Estrat\u00e9gias de Coping de Gestantes de Alto Risco e Risco Habitual","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Divers. Perspect. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.14295\/bds.2019.v22i4.1760","article-title":"Prevalence and etiological factors of piogenic granuloma in gestants","volume":"22","author":"Caetano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02869-3","article-title":"Factors associated with oral health-related quality of life during pregnancy: A prospective observational study","volume":"30","author":"Rivero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lieske, B., Makarova, N., Jagemann, B., Walther, C., Ebinghaus, M., Zyriax, B.C., and Aarabi, G. (2022). Inflammatory Response in Oral Biofilm during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224894"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96495-1","article-title":"Oral microflora and pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13458","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in pregnancy: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Minervini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sari, E.Y., Saddki, N., and Yuso, A. (2020). Association between perceived oral symptoms and presence of clinically diagnosed oral diseases in a sample of pregnant women in malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197337"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kateeb, E., and Momany, E. (2018). Dental caries experience and associated risk indicators among Palestinian pregnant women in the Jerusalem area: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0628-x"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"144","article-title":"Embarazo y salud oral","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Cl\u00ednica Med. Fam."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"628","article-title":"El embarazo y la salud bucal","volume":"38","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9dica Electr\u00f3nica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-022-06843-3","article-title":"Oral and general health conditions involved in periodontal status during pregnancy: A prospective cohort study","volume":"308","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2021.05.007","article-title":"Dental Anxiety Amongst Pregnant Women: Relationship with Dental Attendance and Sociodemographic Factors","volume":"72","author":"AlRatroot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.04.020","article-title":"Managing halitosis during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"Nasiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1042","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_281_21","article-title":"Knowledge and Experience of Women about Dental Services Utilization during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study","volume":"13","author":"Swathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12167","article-title":"Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Vamos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.06.010","article-title":"Local anesthetic use in the pregnant and postpartum patient","volume":"54","author":"Fayans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, V., Bacci, C., Volpato, A., Bandiera, M., Favero, L., and Zanette, G. (2021). Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9040046"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181577511","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration","volume":"18","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13981","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in pregnant women: A population-based study","volume":"28","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13789","article-title":"Dental caries and depression in pregnant women: The role of oral health self-perception as mediator","volume":"28","author":"Cademartori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"77","article-title":"Periodontitis as a Preterm Birth Risk Factor in Caucasian Women: A Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Caneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"72","article-title":"Frequency of gingival pregnancy tumor in iran (confirmed by biopsy)","volume":"6","author":"Nejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.144876","article-title":"Periodontal Status and Some Variables among Pregnant Women in a Nigeria Tertiary Institution","volume":"4","author":"Onigbinde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5475973","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5475973","article-title":"Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"2019","author":"Africa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J., Fogarty, C., Wu, T.T., Alkhers, N., Zeng, Y., Thomas, M., Youssef, M., Wang, L., Cowen, L., and Abdelsalam, H. (2019). Oral health and Candida carriage in socioeconomically disadvantaged US pregnant women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2618-7"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deghatipour, M., Ghorbani, Z., Ghanbari, S., Arshi, S., Ehdayivand, F., Namdari, M., and Pakkhesal, M. (2019). Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and behavioral factors among pregnant women: A community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0801-x"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200034","article-title":"Periodontal status and associated risk factors among childbearing age women in Cixi City of China","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"68","article-title":"Oral health status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnant women from socially deprived populations","volume":"26","author":"Cornejo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8844.181930","article-title":"Prevalence of gingivitis and perception of gingival colour among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba","volume":"8","author":"Soroye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.11.802","article-title":"Oral health status, knowledge and practice among pregnant women attending omdurman maternity hospital, Sudan","volume":"22","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2255-y","article-title":"Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Periodontal Status of Pregnant Women","volume":"21","author":"Geevarghese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.22267\/rus.171901.70","article-title":"Situaci\u00f3n de caries, gingivitis e higiene oral en gestantes y no gestantes en hospitales del Valle del Cauca, Colombia","volume":"19","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Univ. Y Salud"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2018.1454410","article-title":"Oral health status of pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria","volume":"38","author":"Adesina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obs. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"29","article-title":"Oral health status of women with normal and high-risk pregnancies","volume":"79","author":"Chaloupka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"104","article-title":"Caries dental asociada a factores de riesgo durante el embarazo","volume":"48","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Cuba. Estomatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2022.01.001","article-title":"Is overweight associated with periodontitis in pregnant women? Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_319_17","article-title":"Oral hygiene status, gingival status, periodontal status, and treatment needs among pregnant and nonpregnant women: A comparative study","volume":"22","author":"Kashetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17126\/joralres.2021.067","article-title":"Periodontal diseases among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.31983\/jkg.v6i2.5489","article-title":"Relationship Between Gestational Age and Severity of Gingivitis","volume":"6","author":"Wijaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Kesehat. Gigi"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"5","article-title":"Association between periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Soroye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Odontostomatol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"363","article-title":"Association Between Periodontitis and Preterm Birth in a Cohort of Pregnant Women in Ivory Coast","volume":"20","author":"Pockpa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12274","article-title":"Further evidence for periodontal disease as a risk indicator for adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Turton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1723","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_838_20","article-title":"Maternal Periodontal Disease: A Possible Risk Factor for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the Qassim Region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Alrumayh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013010182","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-010182","article-title":"Multiple long-standing massive oral mandibular granuloma gravidarum (pregnancy tumour)","volume":"2013","author":"Rihani","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-775720130001","article-title":"Oral granuloma gravidarum: A retrospective study of 41 cases in Southern Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_255_20","article-title":"A comparative study to assess risk of oral candidiasis in pregnant and nonpregnant women","volume":"25","author":"Shaimaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"53","article-title":"Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum in a sample of Spanish women","volume":"28","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aten. Primaria"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, N.J., Middleton, P.F., and Crowther, C.A. (2008). Oral and dental health care practices in pregnant women in Australia: A postnatal survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-13"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x","article-title":"The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): An integrated system for measuring dental caries","volume":"35","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:25Z","timestamp":1760104165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13030707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13030707","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]}}}