{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:31:16Z","timestamp":1793730676404,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":529,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"University Sapienza of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG12117A5213378A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG12117A5213378A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"University Sapienza of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNRR-MAD-12376767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-12376767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["RG12117A5213378A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG12117A5213378A"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["PNRR-MAD-12376767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-12376767"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many factors have contributed to rendering frailty an emerging, relevant, and very popular concept. First, many pandemics that have affected humanity in history, including COVID-19, most recently, have had more severe effects on frail people compared to non-frail ones. Second, the increase in human life expectancy observed in many developed countries, including Italy has led to a rise in the percentage of the older population that is more likely to be frail, which is why frailty is much a more common concern among geriatricians compared to other the various health-care professionals. Third, the stratification of people according to the occurrence and the degree of frailty allows healthcare decision makers to adequately plan for the allocation of available human professional and economic resources. Since frailty is considered to be fully preventable, there are relevant consequences in terms of potential benefits both in terms of the clinical outcome and healthcare costs. Frailty is becoming a popular, pervasive, and almost omnipresent concept in many different contexts, including clinical medicine, physical health, lifestyle behavior, mental health, health policy, and socio-economic planning sciences. The emergence of the new \u201cscience of frailty\u201d has been recently acknowledged. However, there is still debate on the exact definition of frailty, the pathogenic mechanisms involved, the most appropriate method to assess frailty, and consequently, who should be considered frail. This narrative review aims to analyze frailty from many different aspects and points of view, with a special focus on the proposed pathogenic mechanisms, the various factors that have been considered in the assessment of frailty, and the emerging role of biomarkers in the early recognition of frailty, particularly on the role of mitochondria. According to the extensive literature on this topic, it is clear that frailty is a very complex syndrome, involving many different domains and affecting multiple physiological systems. Therefore, its management should be directed towards a comprehensive and multifaceted holistic approach and a personalized intervention strategy to slow down its progression or even to completely reverse the course of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T10:54:27Z","timestamp":1706266467000},"page":"721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["To Be Frail or Not to Be Frail: This Is the Question\u2014A Critical Narrative Review of Frailty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Sciacchitano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Carola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Nicolais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6915-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Sciacchitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, La Princesa University Hospital, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5775-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7184-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Coluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2307\/2061224","article-title":"The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality","volume":"16","author":"Vaupel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"505","article-title":"Who are the frail elderly?","volume":"68","author":"Woodhouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04398.x","article-title":"Targeting the hospitalized elderly for geriatric consultation","volume":"36","author":"Winograd","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-4065(94)90018-3","article-title":"The social construction of frailty: An anthropological perspective","volume":"8","author":"Kaufman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ageing Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.09.004","article-title":"Frailty screening and interventions: Considerations for clinical practice","volume":"34","author":"Walston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610212000634","article-title":"The multiple dimensions of frailty: Physical capacity, cognition, and quality of life","volume":"24","author":"Langlois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm00075","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2687","article-title":"Need for comprehensive management of frailty at an individual level: European perspective from the Advantage joint action on frailty","volume":"52","author":"Gabrovec","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Models, definitions, and criteria of frailty","volume":"15","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6","article-title":"Frailty: Implications for clinical practice and public health","volume":"394","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab207","article-title":"Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: A population-level study of 29 countries","volume":"51","author":"Aburto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828660","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.828660","article-title":"Development of Approaches and Metrics to Measure the Impact and Improve the Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Frailty in the Era of COVID-19. The COMETA Italian Protocol","volume":"12","author":"Silvestris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/27.4.451","article-title":"Physiological effects of training upon institutionalized geriatric men","volume":"27","author":"Stamford","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/28.6.809","article-title":"Failure to thrive in older persons: A concept derived","volume":"28","author":"Braun","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255","article-title":"Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care","volume":"59","author":"Fried","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.04.001","article-title":"Modifications to the frailty phenotype criteria: Systematic review of the current literature and investigation of 262 frailty phenotypes in the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe","volume":"21","author":"Theou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, November 02). World Report on Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565042."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: A call to action","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982161","article-title":"The IANA task force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Rolland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","article-title":"The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history","volume":"27","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.09.015","article-title":"In search of an integral conceptual definition of frailty: Opinions of experts","volume":"11","author":"Gobbens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls119","article-title":"Searching for an operational definition of frailty: A Delphi method-based consensus statement: The frailty operative definition-consensus conference project","volume":"68","author":"Mann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, November 02). Integrated Care for Older People: Recommendations on Interventions to Manage Declining Physical and Mental Capacities in Older People at Community Level. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/258981\/9789241550109-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33330-0_1","article-title":"Frailty: What Is It?","volume":"1216","author":"Proietti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200401000-00004","article-title":"Nutritional frailty, sarcopenia and falls in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Kinney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Collins\u2019 Teams of Language Experts (2023, November 02). Definition of \u2018Frail\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.collinsdictionary.com\/dictionary\/english\/frail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piret, J., and Boivin, G. (2021). Pandemics Throughout History. Front. Microbiol., 11, Erratum in Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 988058.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.631736"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050717000092","article-title":"Plague and lethal epidemics in the pre-industrial world","volume":"77","author":"Alfani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Hist."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01426-1","article-title":"Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change","volume":"12","author":"Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Walsh, B. (2023, November 02). The World Is Not Ready for the Next Pandemic. Time, 4 May 2017. Available online: https:\/\/time.com\/magazine\/us\/4766607\/may-15th-2017-vol-189-no-18-u-s\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.AC1110","article-title":"Of tidal waves and human frailty","volume":"11","author":"Potter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa.jpg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-022-01670-8","article-title":"Overall frailty gauged in victims of the Italian plague (Imola, 1630\u20131632): Was plague an indiscriminate killer?","volume":"14","author":"Zedda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20467","article-title":"Early childhood stress and adult age mortality\u2014A study of dental enamel hypoplasia in the medieval Danish village of Tirup","volume":"132","author":"Boldsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21316","article-title":"Sex differentials in frailty in medieval England","volume":"143","author":"DeWitte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22138","article-title":"Sex differences in periodontal disease in catastrophic and attritional assemblages from medieval London","volume":"149","author":"DeWitte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.06.001","article-title":"Differential survival among individuals with active and healed periosteal new bone formation","volume":"7","author":"DeWitte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23019","article-title":"In sickness and in death: Assessing frailty in human skeletal remains","volume":"161","author":"Marklein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23624","article-title":"Examining the osteological paradox: Skeletal stress in mass graves versus civilians at the Greek colony of Himera (Sicily)","volume":"167","author":"Kyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705460105","article-title":"Selectivity of Black Death mortality with respect to preexisting health","volume":"105","author":"DeWitte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.01.019","article-title":"Stature and frailty during the Black Death: The effect of stature on risks of epidemic mortality in London, A.D. 1348\u20131350","volume":"39","author":"DeWitte","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.08.006","article-title":"Age patterns of mortality during the Black Death in London, A.D. 1349\u20131350","volume":"37","author":"DeWitte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24081","article-title":"Survival analysis of the Black Death: Social inequality of women and the perils of life and death in Medieval London","volume":"173","author":"Godde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05349-x","article-title":"Evolution of immune genes is associated with the Black Death","volume":"611","author":"Klunk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.889469","article-title":"The influenza epidemic of 1889\u201390 in selected European cities\u2014A picture based on the reports of two Pozna\u0144 daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2022.104111","article-title":"The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: A coronavirus?","volume":"51","author":"Berche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/mdh.2012.29","article-title":"\u2018A most protean disease\u2019: Aligning medical knowledge of modern influenza, 1890\u20131914","volume":"56","author":"Bresalier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Hist."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.050","article-title":"Age distribution of cases and deaths during the 1889 influenza pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Valtat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.12.009","article-title":"Age-specific excess mortality patterns and transmissibility during the 1889\u20131890 influenza pandemic in Madrid, Spain","volume":"28","author":"Ramiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Knobler, S., Mahmoud, A., Lemon, S., and Pray, L. (2023, November 02). Summary and Assessment, The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK56579\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saunders-Hastings, P.R., and Krewski, D. (2016). Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission. Pathogens, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5040066"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"CDC (2023, November 02). History of 1918 Flu Pandemic. Pandemic Influenza [Flu], Available online: https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/#\/details?url=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/1918-commemoration\/1918-pandemic-history.htm."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Knobler, S.L., Mack, A., Mahmoud, A., and Lemon, S.M. (2023, November 02). The Story of Influenza, The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK22148\/."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"86","article-title":"The origin and virulence of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus","volume":"150","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). The 1918 Influenza Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/virus.stanford.edu\/uda\/."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4","article-title":"The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"65","author":"Patterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Hist. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz044","article-title":"RE: Reassessing the global mortality burden of the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"188","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304631","article-title":"The mother of all pandemics is 100 years old (and going strong)!","volume":"108","author":"Morens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis745","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific mortality associated with the 1918\u20131919 influenza pandemic in Kentucky","volume":"207","author":"Viboud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wissler, A., and Gauthier, N. (2023, November 02). The Frailty-Mortality Paradox: Insights from the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918. Available online: https:\/\/nick-gauthier.github.io\/talk\/saa-2019a\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x","article-title":"The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918\u20131920) and victim age","volume":"4","author":"Erkoreka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357321719000023","article-title":"Age-dependence of the 1918 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Actuar. J."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, November 02). Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning. April 1999. pp. 38\u201341. Available online: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201203084733\/https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/influenza\/whocdscsredc991.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0118-5","article-title":"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: Another pandemic knocking at the door","volume":"198","author":"Michaelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61145-4","article-title":"Swine-origin influenza virus in young age groups","volume":"373","author":"Mermel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Some aspects of the epidemiology of the 1957 influenza pandemic","volume":"51","author":"Payne","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv534","article-title":"Global mortality impact of the 1957\u20131959 influenza pandemic","volume":"213","author":"Viboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"345","article-title":"Origin and progress of the 1968\u201369 Hong Kong influenza epidemic","volume":"41","author":"Cockburn","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kehler, D.S., Milic, J., Guaraldi, G., Fulop, T., and Falutz, J. (2022). Frailty in older people living with HIV: Current status and clinical management. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03477-7"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1090","article-title":"Factors associated with preclinical disability and frailty among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in the era of cART","volume":"18","author":"Terzian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"43","article-title":"Frailty and Constellations of Factors in Ageing HIV-infected and Uninfected Women\u2014The Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"5","author":"Gustafson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Frailty Ageing"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000795","article-title":"Gender-Related Risk Factors Improve Mortality Predictive Ability of VACS Index Among HIV-Infected Women","volume":"70","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.26502\/fjhs.117","article-title":"AIDS and COVID-19 are two diseases separated by a common lymphocytopenia","volume":"6","author":"Sciacchitano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fortune J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (2016). HIV Among People Aged 50 and Over."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0334-8","article-title":"Frailty in HIV: Epidemiology, biology, measurement, interventions, and research needs","volume":"13","author":"Piggott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12527","article-title":"Correlates of frailty phenotype and frailty index and their associations with clinical outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roychoudhury, S., Das, A., Sengupta, P., Dutta, S., Roychoudhury, S., Choudhury, A.P., Ahmed, A.B.F., Bhattacharjee, S., and Slama, P. (2020). Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249411"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Khabbaz, R., Bell, B.P., Schuchat, A., Ostroff, S.M., Moseley, R., Levitt, A., and Hughes, J.M. (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118391","article-title":"Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses","volume":"310","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China","volume":"302","author":"Guan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.016","article-title":"Update on SARS research and other possibly zoonotic coronaviruses","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.04.009","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome and coronavirus","volume":"24","author":"Hui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2009.10.005","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"24","author":"Cleri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conzade, R., Grant, R., Malik, M.R., Elkholy, A., Elhakim, M., Samhouri, D., Ben Embarek, P.K., and Van Kerkhove, M.D. (2018). Reported direct and indirect contact with dromedary camels among laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080425"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, November 02). MERS Situation Update, January 2020. Available online: http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/health-topics\/mers-cov\/mers-outbreaks.html."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(The Wall Street Journal, 2021). In Hunt for COVID-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market\u2014The Man with the First Confirmed Infection of the New Coronavirus Told the WHO Team That His Parents Had Shopped There, The Wall Street Journal."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Gill, V. (2023, November 02). Covid Origin Studies Say Evidence Points to Wuhan Market. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-62307383."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). WHO Director-General\u2019s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Overview. Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e066768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066768","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and premature mortality in 2020: Time series analysis in 37 countries","volume":"375","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138577","article-title":"COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment","volume":"97","author":"Parasher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965562","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.965562","article-title":"Frailty in the context of COVID-19 pandemic: A life-threatening condition","volume":"9","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.M., Jiao, J., Cao, J., Huo, X.P., Zhu, C., Wu, X.J., and Xie, X.H. (2021). Frailty as a predictor of mortality among patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02138-5"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00006-4","article-title":"Association between clinical frailty scale score and hospital mortality in adult patients with COVID-19 (COMET): An international, multicentre, retrospective, observational cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Sablerolles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17299","article-title":"Association of frailty with outcomes in individuals with COVID-19: A living review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15698","article-title":"Frailty and mortality associations in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Collard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198398","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8398","article-title":"Global Incidence of Frailty and Prefrailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Chin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.025","article-title":"Prevalence of Frailty in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"He, W., Goodkind, D., and Kowal, P. (2016). An Ageing World: 2015, U.S. Census Bureau, International Population Reports, P95\/16-1."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Satariano, W.A., and Maus, M. (2017). Ageing, Place, and Health: A Global Perspective, Jones & Bartlett Learning."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.4.418","article-title":"Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons","volume":"166","author":"Gill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"161","article-title":"Denture use, malnutrition, frailty, and mortality among older women living in the community","volume":"10","author":"Semba","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"226","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty at population level in European ADVANTAGE Joint Action Member States: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Galluzzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mata, F.A.F.d., Pereira, P.P.d.S., Andrade, K.R.C.d., Figueiredo, A.C.M.G., Silva, M.T., and Pereira, M.G. (2016). Prevalence of frailty in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160019"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv133","article-title":"Frailty in Older Adults: A Nationally Representative Profile in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Seplaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24456","article-title":"Prevalence of Frailty in ICU and its Impact on Patients\u2019 Outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Kalaiselvan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Lugtenberg, M., Franse, C., Fang, X., Hu, S., Jin, C., and Raat, H. (2017). Risk factors and protective factors associated with incident or increase of frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178383"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.028","article-title":"A free radical theory of frailty","volume":"124","author":"Vina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv211","article-title":"Gender-specific associations in age-related changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) and MRI measured body composition in healthy Caucasians","volume":"71","author":"Geisler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry, P., and Schnitter, R. (2022). Health of Canadians in a Changing Climate: Advancing our Knowledge for Action, Government of Canada. Available online: https:\/\/changingclimate.ca\/site\/assets\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/02\/CCHA-REPORT-EN.pdf.","DOI":"10.4095\/329522"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.36922\/ijps.v8i2.303","article-title":"Identifying resources for promoting healthy ageing in community","volume":"8","author":"Reres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Popul. Stud."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). NHS England and Health Education England Frailty Framework of Core Capabilities. Available online: http:\/\/www.skillsforhealth.org.uk\/services\/item\/607-frailty-core-capabilities-framework."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). NHS England Practical Guide to Healthy Ageing. Available online: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/ourwork\/clinical-policy\/older-people\/healthy-ageing-caring\/."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Age UK Advice on Keeping Active and Ageing Well. Available online: https:\/\/www.ageuk.org.uk\/information-advice\/health-wellbeing\/."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). NHS Choices Provides Advice on How Physical Activity and Exercise Can Help People Stay Healthy, Energetic, and Independent as They Get Older. Available online: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/ourwork\/clinical-policy\/older-people\/frailty\/preventing-frailty\/."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). NICE Supporting Guidance on Healthy Ageing. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/search?q=Healthy+ageing."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Public Health England Guidance on Productive Healthy Ageing and Musculoskeletal Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/productive-healthy-ageing-and-musculoskeletal-health\/productive-healthy-ageing-and-musculoskeletal-msk-health."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (2023, November 02). Exercise: The Miracle Cure and the Role of the Doctor in Promoting It. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwia2I71s_WDAxXjhP0HHTDHAWEQFnoECBUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aomrc.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FExercise_the_Miracle_Cure_0215.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3xE0LLt3BWjNLM__p7t0jh&opi=89978449."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/chronicdisease\/resources\/publications\/factsheets\/promoting-health-for-older-adults.htm."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Italian National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Available online: https:\/\/www.iss.it\/web\/iss-en\/disease-prevention-and-health-promotion."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). Gaining Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier Italy. Available online: http:\/\/chrodis.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/gaining-health-making-health-choices-easier.pdf."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30494-4","article-title":"Preventing frail health","volume":"8","author":"Buchner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"251","article-title":"Conference on the physiologic basis of frailty. April 28, 1992, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. Introduction","volume":"4","author":"Fried","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ageing"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Frailty and failure to thrive","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Hazzard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06769.x","article-title":"The physics of frailty","volume":"41","author":"Bortz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B115","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.3.B115","article-title":"Dynamics of stability: The physiologic basis of functional health and frailty","volume":"57","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2008.09.013","article-title":"Stimulus-response paradigm for characterizing the loss of resilience in homeostatic regulation associated with frailty","volume":"129","author":"Varadhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"39","article-title":"Frailty in Older Persons","volume":"61","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2001.58","article-title":"Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of ageing","volume":"1","author":"Mitnitski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0716-1","article-title":"Rationale for a preliminary operational definition of physical frailty and sarcopenia in the SPRINTT trial","volume":"29","author":"Cesari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/11.3.298","article-title":"A theory based on free radical and radical chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Harman","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1972.tb00787.x","article-title":"The biological clock: The mitochondria?","volume":"20","author":"Harman","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly085","article-title":"Exploring Genetic Outcomes as Frailty Biomarkers","volume":"74","author":"Valdiglesias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1375\/136905203770326457","article-title":"Longevity studies in GenomEUtwin","volume":"6","author":"Skytthe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Twin Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9257-x","article-title":"Frailty phenotypes in the elderly based on cluster analysis: A longitudinal study of two Danish cohorts. Evidence for a genetic influence on frailty","volume":"34","author":"Dato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx122","article-title":"Shared genetic influence on frailty and chronic widespread pain: A study from TwinsUK","volume":"47","author":"Livshits","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.004","article-title":"Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in ageing and age-related diseases","volume":"47","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370120510","article-title":"Genetic analysis of durations: Correlated frailty model applied to survival of Danish twins","volume":"12","author":"Yashin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetic Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2016.72","article-title":"The Identification of Hereditary and Environmental Determinants of Frailty in a Cohort of UK Twins","volume":"19","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Twin Research and Human Genetics."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls089","article-title":"The search for longevity and healthy ageing genes: Insights from epidemiological studies and samples of long-lived individuals","volume":"67","author":"Murabito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekli, K., Stevens, A., Marshall, A.D., Arpawong, T.E., Phillips, D.F., Tampubolon, G., Lee, J., Prescott, C.A., Nazroo, J.Y., and Pendleton, N. (2018). Frailty Index associates with GRIN2B in two representative samples from the United States and the United Kingdom. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207824"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.03.005","article-title":"Genetics of frailty: A longevity perspective","volume":"221","author":"Sathyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz179","article-title":"Varying Effects of APOE Alleles on Extreme Longevity in European Ethnicities","volume":"74","author":"Gurinovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly174","article-title":"APOE alleles and extreme human longevity","volume":"74","author":"Sebastiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801030105","article-title":"FOXO3A genotype is strongly associated with human longevity","volume":"105","author":"Willcox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1159\/000375235","article-title":"FOXO3: A major gene for human longevity-a mini-review","volume":"61","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00771-z","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of frailty identifies significant genetic correlation with neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and inflammation pathways","volume":"45","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severe COVID-19 GWAS Group, Ellinghaus, D., Degenhardt, F., Bujanda, L., Buti, M., Albillos, A., Fernandez, J., Fernandez, J., Prati, D., and Baselli, G. (2020). Genomewide Association Study of Severe COVID-19 with Respiratory Failure. N. Engl. J. Med., 383, 1522\u20131534.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107629","article-title":"A GWAS in the pandemic epicenter highlights the severe COVID-19 risk locus introgressed by Neanderthals","volume":"26","author":"Breno","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71235","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71235","article-title":"Regulatory dissection of the severe COVID-19 risk locus introgressed by Neanderthals","volume":"12","author":"Jagoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018195","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Siriwardhana","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32008-2","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155,722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Yusuf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.05.010","article-title":"Global frailty: The role of ethnicity, migration and socioeconomic factors","volume":"139","author":"Majid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S423","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15939","article-title":"Building a culturally competent workforce to care for diverse older adults: Scope of the problem and potential solutions","volume":"67","author":"Periyakoil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2020) (2023, November 02). World Population Ageing 2020 HIGHLIGHTS: Living Arrangements of Older Persons (ST\/ESA\/SER.A\/451). Available online: https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/3898412\/files\/undesa_pd-2020_world_population_ageing_highlights.pdf."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2023). World Social Report 2023: Leaving No One Behind in an Ageing World, United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/dspd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2023\/01\/2023wsr-fullreport.pdf.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210019682"},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Ng, K. (2023, November 02). BBC News Singapore. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-66850943."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"(2022). Trentesima Edizione del Rapporto Annuale 2022\u2014La Situazione del Paese, Italian National Institute of Statistics. Available online: www.istat.it."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-010-9287-2","article-title":"Ageing, frailty and age-related diseases","volume":"11","author":"Fulop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.02.004","article-title":"Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried\u2019s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population-based surveys","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sierra, F., and Kohanski, R. (2016). Advances in Geroscience, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23246-1"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.007","article-title":"Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: A review","volume":"31","author":"Dent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00434","article-title":"Examining Frailty Phenotype Dimensions in the Oldest Old","volume":"11","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217001910","article-title":"Frailty and depression in centenarians","volume":"30","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-019-00537-7","article-title":"Physical activity and subjective age across adulthood in four samples","volume":"17","author":"Stephan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2018.11.008","article-title":"Predictors of subjective age in community-dwelling older adults in Korea","volume":"40","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.09.017","article-title":"What is the frailty in elderly? Value and significance of the multidimensional assessments","volume":"56","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/workar\/waz019","article-title":"Getting Objective About Subjective Age: Introduction to a Special Issue","volume":"5","author":"Rudolph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Work Ageing Retire."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193996","article-title":"People over forty feel 20% younger than their age: Subjective age across the lifespan","volume":"13","author":"Rubin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2015.1061130","article-title":"Feeling old today? Daily health, stressors, and affect explain day-to-day variability in subjective age","volume":"30","author":"Neupert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephan, Y., Sutin, A.R., and Terracciano, A. (2015). How old do you feel? The role of age discrimination and biological ageing in subjective age. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119293"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, M., Miyawaki, C.E., Sun, X., Hou, T., Tang, S., and Szanton, S.L. (2021). Bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty: A prospective cohort study. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02344-1"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armenta, B.M., Stroebe, K., Scheibe, S., Postmes, T., and Van Yperen, N.W. (2017). Feeling younger and identifying with older adults: Testing two routes to maintaining well-being in the face of age discrimination. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187805"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbs037","article-title":"\u201cFeeling younger, being stronger\u201d: An experimental study of subjective age and physical functioning among older adults","volume":"68","author":"Stephan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.8.585","article-title":"Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"279","author":"Fried","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2333","article-title":"Cardiovascular Health Study. Frailty and activation of the inflammation and coagulation systems with and without clinical comorbidities: Results from the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"162","author":"Walston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: Chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00373-4","article-title":"Presenting features of COVID-19 in older people: Relationships with frailty, inflammation and mortality","volume":"11","author":"Knopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp110","article-title":"Awareness of age-related change: Examination of a (Mostly) unexplored concept","volume":"65B","author":"Diehl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00168","article-title":"Feeling How Old I Am: Subjective Age Is Associated With Estimated Brain Age","volume":"10","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Ageing Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90210-D","article-title":"Cerebral structure on MRI, Part I: Localization of age-related changes","volume":"29","author":"Jernigan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.3.268","article-title":"Selective ageing of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter","volume":"7","author":"Raz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.5.464","article-title":"One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Resnick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1173","article-title":"Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in ageing: An MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry","volume":"17","author":"Tisserand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03295.2003","article-title":"Longitudinal magnetic resonance imageing studies of older adults: A shrinking brain","volume":"23","author":"Resnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00118-0","article-title":"Ageing, sexual dimorphism, and hemispheric asymmetry of the cerebral cortex: Replicability of regional differences in volume","volume":"25","author":"Raz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh032","article-title":"Thinning of the cerebral cortex in ageing","volume":"14","author":"Salat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.023","article-title":"Normal neuroanatomical variation due to age: The major lobes and a parcellation of the temporal region","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20115","article-title":"Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in ageing","volume":"25","author":"Grieve","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in ageing healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Raz, N. (2000). The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.068","article-title":"Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn232","article-title":"High consistency of regional cortical thinning in ageing across multiple samples","volume":"19","author":"Fjell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0198-6","article-title":"Age-related changes in the thickness of cortical zones in humans","volume":"24","author":"McGinnis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.3.339","article-title":"Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.1.12","article-title":"Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive ageing?","volume":"12","author":"Baltes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00079-X","article-title":"Brain structure and phenotypic profile of superagers compared with age-matched older adults: A longitudinal analysis from the Vallecas Project","volume":"4","author":"Gaser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.6.589","article-title":"Low nutrient intake is an essential component of frailty in older persons","volume":"61","author":"Bartali","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3148\/69.2.2008.82","article-title":"Nutrient inadequacies among elderly residents of long-term care facilities","volume":"69","author":"Lengyel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"232","article-title":"Nutritional status in elderly people admitted to community residential homes: Comparisons between two cohorts","volume":"10","author":"Wikby","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000115350","article-title":"Assessment of the nutritional situation of elderly nursing home residents in Vienna","volume":"52","author":"Kulnik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01721.x","article-title":"Are elderly hospitalized patients getting enough protein?","volume":"56","author":"Gaillard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln001","article-title":"Physical activity as a preventative factor for frailty: The health, ageing, and body composition study","volume":"64","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.111","article-title":"Physical frailty and body composition in obese elderly men and women","volume":"12","author":"Villareal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1487-0","article-title":"Phase angle and frailty are important prognostic factors in critically ill medical patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"283","article-title":"Development of the Korean Version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI): Multi-center Study for Subjects with Stroke","volume":"31","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, S., Ando, K., Kobayashi, K., Seki, T., Hamada, T., Machino, M., Ota, K., Morozumi, M., Kanbara, S., and Ito, S. (2019). Low Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle Is a Significant Risk Factor for Frailty. BiomMed Res. Int., 10.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6283153"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saitoh, M., Ogawa, M., Kondo, H., Suga, K., Takahashi, T., Itoh, H., and Tabata, Y. (2020). Bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle as a determinant of protein energy wasting and frailty in maintenance hemodialysis patients: Retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02102-2"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"37","article-title":"Frailty and the role of nutrition in older people. A review of the current literature","volume":"81","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61595-6","article-title":"Frailty in the clinical scenario","volume":"385","author":"Fried","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70157-7","article-title":"Frailty and the older man","volume":"83","author":"Walston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"pe4","article-title":"Frailty-the search for underlying causes","volume":"2004","author":"Walston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Ageing Knowl. Environ."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(89)90096-1","article-title":"Superoxide anion radical production in different species","volume":"49","author":"Sohal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90165-Q","article-title":"Relationship between mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and longevity of mammalian species","volume":"15","author":"Ku","year":"1993","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000435947","article-title":"Heart Rate, Life Expectancy and the Cardiovascular System: Therapeutic Considerations","volume":"132","author":"Boudoulas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42591","DOI":"10.4322\/2675-9977.cpcr.42591","article-title":"Heart rate and longevity","volume":"1","author":"Paschoal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiorespir. Physiother. Crit. Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566399","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.566399","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Exceptional Longevity","volume":"11","author":"Hernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naffah de Souza Breda, C., Davanzo, G.G., Basso, P.J., Saraiva C\u00e2mara, N.O., and Moraes-Vieira, P.M.M. (2019). Mitochondria as central hub of the immune system. Redox Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101255"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165845","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in immune cells in health and disease","volume":"1866","author":"Faasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12716-2","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulation in vitamin E and carnitine shuttle energy mechanisms associate with human frailty","volume":"10","author":"Rattray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1233-3","article-title":"Association of mitochondrial DNA levels with frailty and all-cause mortality","volume":"93","author":"Ashar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13101","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that have evaluated the role of mitochondrial function and iron metabolism in frailty","volume":"14","author":"Tomkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of ageing: An expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"Blasco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_228","unstructured":"Wallace, R.B., and Woolson, R.F. (1992). The Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200130","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.200130","article-title":"Prevalence of Multiple Chronic Conditions Among US Adults, 2018","volume":"17","author":"Boersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs009","article-title":"Multimorbidity in Older Adults","volume":"35","author":"Salive","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp076","article-title":"Nonlinear multisystem physiological dysregulation associated with frailty in older women: Implications for etiology and treatment","volume":"64","author":"Fried","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M84","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.2.M84","article-title":"Comorbidity of five chronic health conditions in elderly community residents: Determinants and impact on mortality","volume":"55","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019ascanio, M., Innammorato, M., Pasquariello, L., Pizzirusso, D., Guerrieri, G., Castelli, S., Pezzuto, A., De Vitis, C., Anibaldi, P., and Marcolongo, A. (2021). Age is not the only risk factor in COVID-19: The role of comorbidities and of long staying in residential care homes. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02013-3"},{"key":"ref_234","unstructured":"(2020). Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality among Privately Insured Patients, FAIR Health, Inc.. FAIR Health White Paper by West Health Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01653-6","article-title":"COVID-19 and associations with frailty and multimorbidity: A prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants","volume":"32","author":"Woolford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01161-2","article-title":"Counting deficits or diseases? The agreement between frailty and multimorbidity in subjects with cognitive disturbances","volume":"32","author":"Canevelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01156.x","article-title":"Geriatric syndromes: Clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept","volume":"55","author":"Inouye","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.128701","article-title":"Price of anarchy in transportation networks: Efficiency and optimality control","volume":"101","author":"Youn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.05.014","article-title":"Physiology: Hemodynamics, endothelial function, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Navar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.003","article-title":"Frailty and Chronic Diseases in Older Adults","volume":"27","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-011-0186-0","article-title":"Frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease: Why, when, and how to measure","volume":"5","author":"Afilalo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.01.003","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in frail and pre-frail older adults: Results from a meta-analysis and exploratory meta-regression analysis","volume":"35","author":"Veronese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33330-0_6","article-title":"Frailty as Cardiovascular Risk Factor (and vice versa)","volume":"1216","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","unstructured":"Burke, G., Fried, L., Gottdiener, J., Klein, R., Kronmal, R., Kuller, L., Oleary, D., Robbins, J., Tracy, R., and Yousem, D. (2023, October 30). Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00005133. Available online: https:\/\/chs-nhlbi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x","article-title":"A comparison of frailty indexes for the prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and mortality in older men","volume":"57","author":"Ensrud","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.068","article-title":"Frailty and heart disease","volume":"168","author":"Anker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.032","article-title":"Frailty and risk for heart failure in older adults: The health, ageing, and body composition study","volume":"166","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_248","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure\/A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23862","article-title":"Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of complications following pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Joglekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12967","article-title":"The association between skeletal muscle measures and chemotherapy- induced toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"13","author":"Chargi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Mazurak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.06.020","article-title":"Effects of weight loss and sarcopenia on response to chemotherapy, quality of life, and survival","volume":"67\u201368","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"243","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: An Overview of Diagnostic Criteria and Therapeutic Approaches for the Accredited Practicing Dietitian","volume":"34","author":"Teleni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261585","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: Definition, Stageing, and Emerging Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-6","article-title":"Differences in routine laboratory parameters related to cachexia between patients with hematological diseases and patients with solid tumors or heart failure\u2014Is there only one cachexia?","volume":"12","author":"Letilovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511500419X","article-title":"Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: The skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later","volume":"75","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20168","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: The PreMiO study","volume":"8","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscaritoli, M., Modena, A., Valerio, M., Marchetti, P., Magarotto, R., Quadrini, S., Narducci, F., Tonini, G., Grassani, T., and Cavanna, L. (2023). The Impact of NUTRItional Status at First Medical Oncology Visit on Clinical Outcomes: The NUTRIONCO Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123206"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14322","article-title":"An update on cognitive frailty: Its definition, impact, associated factors and underlying mechanisms, and interventions","volume":"22","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.003","article-title":"Classification and Epidemiology of MCI","volume":"29","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv139","article-title":"Association of Cognitive Function with Cause-Specific Mortality in Middle and Older Age: Follow-up of Participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"183","author":"Batty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260697.66617.59","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: Impact of spirituality, religiosity, and QOL","volume":"68","author":"Kaufman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, S.X., Williams, L.J., Holloway-Kew, K.L., Hyde, N.K., and Pasco, J.A. (2020). Skeletal Muscle Health and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010255"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0391-7","article-title":"The integration of frailty into clinical practice: Preliminary results from the Gerontopole","volume":"16","author":"Subra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18419","article-title":"Increase in skeletal muscular adiposity and cognitive decline in a biracial cohort of older men and women","volume":"71","author":"Rosano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c37d","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: Definition, cause and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Stenholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S404734","article-title":"The Relationship Between Sarcopenia, Cognitive Impairment, and Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensity in the Elderly","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00736-9","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Deficits and Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiological Evidence and Biological Mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Sui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.010","article-title":"Combined prevalence of frailty and mild cognitive impairment in a population of elderly Japanese people","volume":"14","author":"Shimada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr066","article-title":"Correlates of frailty in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"40","author":"Gallagher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02671.x","article-title":"Physical frailty is associated with incident mild cognitive impairment in community-based older persons","volume":"58","author":"Boyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00295","article-title":"Frailty and Cognitive Impairment in Predicting Mortality Among Oldest-Old People","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Ageing Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.10.006","article-title":"The effects of frailty and cognitive impairment on 3-year mortality in older adults","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.09.019","article-title":"Effects of Combined Physical and Cognitive Exercises on Cognition and Mobility in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"19","author":"Shimada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170248","article-title":"Relationships of Dietary Patterns, Foods, and Micro- and Macronutrients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Late-Life Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4306","article-title":"Frailty: A costly phenomenon in caring for elders with cognitive impairment","volume":"31","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14356","article-title":"Optimising pre-operative assessment for older people","volume":"73","author":"Rechner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-013-0367-2","article-title":"Cognitive frailty: Rational and definition from an (IANA\/IAGG) international consensus group","volume":"17","author":"Kelaiditi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.104112","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01926","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1926","article-title":"Cognitive frailty as a predictor of adverse outcomes among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17448069231203090","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069231203090","article-title":"Pain and ageing: A unique challenge in neuroinflammation and behavior","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pain."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-020-00382-3","article-title":"Association between frailty and chronic pain among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101515","article-title":"Frailty and pain, human studies and animal models","volume":"73","author":"Amodeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612054864993","article-title":"Mechanism-based treatment in chronic neuropathic pain: The role of antidepressants","volume":"11","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x","article-title":"Inflammageing: An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence","volume":"908","author":"Franceschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-018-2579-4","article-title":"Roles of inflammation, neurogenic inflammation, and neuroinflammation in pain","volume":"33","author":"Matsuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: The roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guida, F., Rocco, M., Luongo, L., Persiani, P., Vulpiani, M.C., Nusca, S.M., Maione, S., and Coluzzi, F. (2022). Targeting Neuroinflammation in Osteoarthritis with Intra-Articular Adelmidrol. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101453"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.03.003","article-title":"Age and frailty as risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis","volume":"180","author":"McDougall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaplin, W.J., McWilliams, D.F., Millar, B.S., Gladman, J.R.F., and Walsh, D.A. (2023). The bidirectional relationship between chronic joint pain and frailty: Data from the Investigating Musculoskeletal Health and Wellbeing cohort. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03949-4"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1736","article-title":"European clinical practice recommendations on opioids for chronic noncancer pain\u2014Part 1: Role of opioids in the management of chronic noncancer pain","volume":"25","author":"Morlion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0793-9","article-title":"The Italian version of the \u201cfrailty index\u201d based on deficits in health: A validation study","volume":"29","author":"Abete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181aae87a","article-title":"Predictors of postoperative pain and analgesic consumption: A qualitative systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Ip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrassi, G., Coluzzi, F., Fornasari, D., Fusco, F., Gianni, W., Guardamagna, V.A., Puntillo, F., and Sotgiu, G. (2022). New Perspectives on the Adverse Effects of NSAIDs in Cancer Pain: An Italian Delphi Study from the Rational Use of Analgesics (RUA) Group. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0575.v1"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0980-9","article-title":"Assessing and Treating Chronic Pain in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"78","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0111-7","article-title":"Chronic Pain in the Elderly with Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Cravello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain. Ther."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11148","article-title":"Age of patients undergoing surgery","volume":"106","author":"Fowler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005832","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Examining the Impact of Age on Perioperative Inflammatory Biomarkers","volume":"134","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14225","article-title":"International Fragility Fracture Network Delphi consensus statement on the principles of anaesthesia for patients with hip fracture","volume":"73","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-020-0136-9","article-title":"Adherence to recommended practices for perioperative anesthesia care for older adults among US anesthesiologists: Results from the ASA Committee on Geriatric Anesthesia-Perioperative Brain Health Initiative ASA member survey","volume":"9","author":"Deiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perioper. Med."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S79409","article-title":"The unsolved case of \u201cbone-impairing analgesics\u201d: The endocrine effects of opioids on bone metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00585-4","article-title":"The Effect of Opiates on Bone Formation and Bone Healing","volume":"18","author":"Coluzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1556331621998634","article-title":"The Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors on Bone Healing","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"key":"ref_305","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, November 02). Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/healthy-ageing-and-functional-ability."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-019-00535-9","article-title":"Views on ageing: A lifespan perspective","volume":"17","author":"Kornadt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e294","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny029","article-title":"Domains and Measurements of Healthy Ageing in Epidemiological Studies: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000598","article-title":"Optimizing ageing: A call for a new narrative","volume":"75","author":"Diehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_309","first-page":"e23329","article-title":"Diagnosing Frailty in Primary Care Practice","volume":"14","author":"Somagutta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0714980821000180","article-title":"Older Adults\u2019 Perceptions of Frailty Language: A Scoping Review","volume":"41","author":"Durepos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.006","article-title":"The biology of ageing and frailty","volume":"27","author":"Fedarko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220003403","article-title":"Frailty in geriatric psychiatry inpatients: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.11.020","article-title":"Impact of frailty on outcomes in surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Panayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599170","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.599170","article-title":"The Importance of Taking a Patient-Centered, Community-Based Approach to Preventing and Manageing Frailty: A Public Health Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Adja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004763","article-title":"Palliative Care and End-of-Life Considerations for the Frail Patient","volume":"130","author":"Crooms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e16","article-title":"Frailty and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.722","article-title":"Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits","volume":"62","author":"Rockwood","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei-Shahsavarloo, Z., Atashzadeh-Shoorideh, F., Gobbens, R.J.J., Ebadi, A., and Ghaedamini Harouni, G. (2020). The impact of interventions on management of frailty in hospitalized frail older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01935-8"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delli Zotti, G.B., Citterio, L., Farinone, S., Concas, M.P., Brioni, E., Zagato, L., Messaggio, E., Faienza, S., Simonini, M., and Napoli, A. (2022). Association between Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression with Frailty in the FRASNET Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416776"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.580","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in severe mental illness: Findings from the UK Biobank","volume":"9","author":"Warren","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.04.023","article-title":"The essence of frailty: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis on frailty concepts and definitions","volume":"56","author":"Onder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040622318811000","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318811000","article-title":"Sensorial frailty: Age-related hearing loss and the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in later life","volume":"10","author":"Panza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003382","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to prevent pre-frailty and frailty progression in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Cooke","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database System. Rev. Implement. Rep."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101047","article-title":"A multidimensional approach to frailty in older people","volume":"60","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2018.1515888","article-title":"Frailty, multimorbidity and functional status as predictors for health outcomes of acute psychiatric hospitalisation in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Benraad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutz, J., Choudhury, U., Zhao, J., and Dregan, A. (2022). Frailty in individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders: Longitudinal analyses of all-cause mortality. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02474-2"},{"key":"ref_327","first-page":"383","article-title":"Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: A scoping review of the literature and international policies","volume":"46","author":"Puts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0447-1","article-title":"Relationship between family caregiver burden and physical frailty in older adults without dementia: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Ringer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_329","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (APA) (2023, February 28). APA Dictionary of Psychology \u201cstress\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/dictionary.apa.org\/stress."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00118","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation","volume":"10","author":"Agorastos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13728","article-title":"Stress and the psyche-brain-immune network in psychiatric diseases based on psychoneuroendocrineimmunology: A concise review","volume":"1437","author":"Bottaccioli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596919","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.596919","article-title":"Resilience: Safety in the Aftermath of Traumatic Stressor Experiences","volume":"14","author":"Matheson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridout, K.K., Khan, M., and Ridout, S.J. (2018). Adverse Childhood Experiences Run Deep: Toxic Early Life Stress, Telomeres, and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number, the Biological Markers of Cumulative Stress. Bioessays, 40.","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201800077"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418798047","article-title":"Biological Processes and Biomarkers Related to Frailty in Older Adults: A State-of-the-Science Literature Review","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1159\/000523789","article-title":"Frailty and Suicidality in Older Adults: A Mini-Review and Synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20m13277","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13277","article-title":"Frailty as a Predictor of Mortality in Late-Life Depression: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study","volume":"82","author":"Arts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw241","article-title":"Biological Ageing and the Future of Geriatric Psychiatry","volume":"72","author":"Rutherford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2019.1698514","article-title":"The relationship of frailty and disability with suicidal ideation in late life depression","volume":"25","author":"Bickford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.03.005","article-title":"Relationship between depression and frailty in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Soysal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.06.005","article-title":"The Depressed Frail Phenotype: The Clinical Manifestation of Increased Biological Ageing","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18021","article-title":"Frailty and affective disorders throughout adult life: A 5-year follow-up of the Lifelines Cohort Study","volume":"70","author":"Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S328432","article-title":"The Frail Depressed Patient: A Narrative Review on Treatment Challenges","volume":"17","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.001","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder: A Review of PET Imageing Studies Examining the 18-kDa Translocator Protein","volume":"292","author":"Gritti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab072","article-title":"Inflammatory Process and Immune System in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"25","author":"Ruiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00867-4","article-title":"The longitudinal associations of inflammatory biomarkers and depression revisited: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"26","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01905-z","article-title":"Immune cell composition in unipolar depression: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Frandsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0645","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Patients With Unipolar Depression Compared With Healthy Control Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Mousten","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036","article-title":"Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180653","article-title":"Cortisol as a predictor of psychological therapy response in depressive disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00457","article-title":"Linking the Triad of Telomere Length, Inflammation, and Gut Dysbiosis in the Manifestation of Depression","volume":"12","author":"Bazaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.022","article-title":"The potential impact of biochemical mediators on telomere attrition in major depressive disorder and implications for future study designs: A narrative review","volume":"225","author":"Manoliu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pousa, P.A., Souza, R.M., Melo, P.H.M., Correa, B.H.M., Mendon\u00e7a, T.S.C., Sim\u00f5es-E-Silva, A.C., and Miranda, D.M. (2021). Telomere Shortening and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061423"},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12014","article-title":"Frailty is associated with anxiety in community-dwelling elderly adults","volume":"60","author":"Potvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5918","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5918","article-title":"The association between frailty and anxiety: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115235","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between executive function impairments and suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder: A 1-year follow-up study","volume":"325","author":"Gili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101659","article-title":"Peripheral biomarkers to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Gaspar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_357","first-page":"253","article-title":"The impact of insomnia on frailty and the hallmarks of ageing","volume":"35","author":"Cavadas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2793","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2793","article-title":"Association between insomnia and frailty in older population: A meta-analytic evaluation of the observational studies","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1767742","article-title":"Sleep and Life Quality in Frail Elderly\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"16","author":"Chagas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.007","article-title":"Sleep in older adults: Normative changes, sleep disorders, and treatment options","volume":"30","author":"Gooneratne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104519","article-title":"Bidirectional relationship between insomnia and frailty in older adults: A 2-year longitudinal study","volume":"97","author":"Nemoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00168","article-title":"Editorial: Dementia, Frailty and Ageing","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1033-5","article-title":"Editorial: Dysphagia, Dementia and Frailty","volume":"22","author":"Payne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30446-0","article-title":"Understanding frailty to predict and prevent dementia","volume":"18","author":"Panza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.05.013","article-title":"Frailty as a Predictor of Alzheimer Disease, Vascular Dementia, and All Dementia Among Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Kojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170417104236","article-title":"Prevalence of Frailty in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000353859","article-title":"Association between frailty and dementia: A population-based study","volume":"60","author":"Kulmala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04142.x","article-title":"Is frailty a prodromal stage of vascular dementia? Results from the Three-City Study","volume":"60","author":"Carcaillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.09.223","article-title":"Frailty syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing","volume":"9","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_370","first-page":"394","article-title":"Relationship between frailty and Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarkers: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12187","article-title":"10-year frailty trajectory is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia after considering neuropathological burden","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Med."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170938","article-title":"Associations between the Frailty Index and Brain Atrophy: The Treviso Dementia (TREDEM) Registry","volume":"62","author":"Gallucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.04.004","article-title":"Development of a risk score for the prediction of incident dementia in older adults using a frailty index and health checkup data: The JAGES longitudinal study","volume":"112","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0b013e318068de1d","article-title":"Frailty is associated with incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cognitive decline in the elderly","volume":"69","author":"Buchman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.10.012","article-title":"Reversible Cognitive Frailty, Dementia, and All-Cause Mortality. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Ageing","volume":"18","author":"Solfrizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0798-7","article-title":"Frailty in Relation to the Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia, and Death in Older Chinese Adults: A Seven-Year Prospective Study","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111894","article-title":"Association between the frailty index and vascular brain damage: The Treviso Dementia (TREDEM) registry","volume":"167","author":"Gallucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16104-y","article-title":"Frailty is an independent predictor of incident dementia: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12678","article-title":"The relationship between frailty, functional dependence, and healthcare needs among community-dwelling people with moderate to severe dementia","volume":"27","author":"Abreu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301218773842","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of family caregiver burden and psychological distress linked to frailty and functional dependency of a relative with advanced dementia","volume":"19","author":"Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17m11991","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11991","article-title":"Physical Frailty Correlates With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Caregiver Burden in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"79","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0140-3","article-title":"Frailty and the risk of cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Searle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S100576","article-title":"Association between frailty and delirium in older adult patients discharged from hospital","volume":"11","author":"Verloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13108","article-title":"Impact of frailty and residual subsyndromal delirium on 1-year functional recovery: A prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Chew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx081","article-title":"Frailty status at admission to hospital predicts multiple adverse outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Hubbard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00188","article-title":"Is Delirium the Cognitive Harbinger of Frailty in Older Adults? A Review about the Existing Evidence","volume":"4","author":"Bellelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005609","article-title":"The Association of Preoperative Frailty and Postoperative Delirium: A Meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Gracie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.01.065","article-title":"The Association Between Frailty and Delirium Among Hospitalized Patients: An Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_389","first-page":"e3687","article-title":"Frailty and delirium in hospitalized older adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Cechinel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01828-9","article-title":"Association between frailty and postoperative delirium: A meta-analysis of cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15503","article-title":"Frailty and Delirium in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature","volume":"66","author":"Persico","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx214","article-title":"Delirium, Frailty, and Mortality: Interactions in a Prospective Study of Hospitalized Older People","volume":"73","author":"Dani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs021","article-title":"The impact of frailty and delirium on mortality in older inpatients","volume":"41","author":"Eeles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.09.008","article-title":"The relationship among frailty, delirium and attentional tests to detect delirium: A cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Bellelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01260-3","article-title":"Frailty in randomised controlled trials for dementia or mild cognitive impairment measured via the frailty index: Prevalence and prediction of serious adverse events and attrition","volume":"15","author":"Wightman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.01.014","article-title":"Frailty and severe mental illness: A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"147","author":"Pearson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069518","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069518","article-title":"Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for younger outpatients with severe mental illness: Protocol for a feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Arnautovska","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220003713","article-title":"Physical frailty as an important indicator of accelerated biological ageing in serious mental illnesses","volume":"34","author":"Graham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.01.023","article-title":"Association between frailty and its individual components with the risk of falls in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"197","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000525","article-title":"Accelerated ageing in serious mental disorders","volume":"32","author":"Bersani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.015","article-title":"Frailty Index as a clinical measure of biological age in psychiatry","volume":"268","author":"Bersani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2230690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.30690","article-title":"Association of Unhealthy Lifestyle and Childhood Adversity With Acceleration of Ageing Among UK Biobank Participants","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0298-z","article-title":"Brain structure, cognition, and brain age in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy controls","volume":"44","author":"Shahab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067260","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1067260","article-title":"Frailty among inpatients with Schizophrenia: Status, influencing factors, and their correlation with quality of life","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300870","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300870","article-title":"Relationship between severe mental illness and physical multimorbidity: A meta-analysis and call for action","volume":"26","author":"Pizzol","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gln047","article-title":"White blood cell counts, insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and frailty in community-dwelling older women","volume":"64","author":"Leng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324545","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and their relationships with serum interleukin-6, in the geriatric syndrome of frailty","volume":"16","author":"Leng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02556.x","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor I in a random population sample of men and women: Relation to age, sex, smoking habits, coffee consumption and physical activity, blood pressure and concentrations of plasma lipids, fibrinogen, parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin","volume":"41","author":"Wilhelmsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06613.x","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 and functional status in healthy older men","volume":"43","author":"Papadakis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009065","article-title":"Epidemiology of insulin-like growth factor-I in elderly men and women. The Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"145","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb04497.x","article-title":"Association of insulin-like growth factor-I with body composition, weight history, and past health behaviors in the very old: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"45","author":"Harris","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_412","first-page":"M176","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I are related to age and not to body composition in healthy women and men","volume":"53","author":"Tobin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:12:2:197","article-title":"Growth hormone and ageing","volume":"12","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7868","article-title":"Association of IGF-I levels with muscle strength and mobility in older women","volume":"86","author":"Cappola","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021694","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I and interleukin-6 contribute synergistically to disability and mortality in older women","volume":"88","author":"Cappola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.754879","article-title":"Menopause, estrogens and frailty","volume":"29","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001612","article-title":"Menopause and frailty: A scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab039","article-title":"Abdominal obesity, body mass index and the risk of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050051","article-title":"A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people","volume":"173","author":"Rockwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Thabane, L., Papaioannou, A., Ioannidis, G., Levine, M.A., and Adachi, J.D. (2017). An overview of osteoporosis and frailty in the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1403-x"},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00474","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of the Intracellular Regulation of Thyroid Hormone: Old Players, New Concepts","volume":"9","author":"Cicatiello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.2.3745","article-title":"Clinical Review 86: Euthyroid Sick Syndrome: Is it a Misnomer?","volume":"82","author":"Chopra","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-41-1-27","article-title":"High Incidence of Decreased Serum Triiodothyronine Concentration in Patients With Nonthyroidal Disease","volume":"41","author":"Bermudez","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90565-4","article-title":"Prevalence of Abnormal Thyroid Function Test Results in Patients With Acute Medical Illnesses","volume":"72","author":"Kaplan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.09.020","article-title":"Frequency and Outcome of Patients With Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in a Medical Intensive Care Unit","volume":"56","author":"Plikat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-2719-9","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Levels Improve the Prediction of Mortality Among Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"31","author":"Villena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0837","article-title":"Thyroid Dysfunction and Kidney Disease","volume":"160","author":"Iglesias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-1816","article-title":"Nonthyroid Illness Syndrome and Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Patients Admitted to the ICU","volume":"135","author":"Bello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10010","article-title":"Hormonal Status in Protracted Critical Illness and in-Hospital Mortality. Hormonal Status in Protracted Critical Illness and in-Hospital Mortality","volume":"15","author":"Sharshar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850328","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.850328","article-title":"Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome: To Treat or Not to Treat? Have We Answered the Question? A Review of Metanalyses","volume":"13","author":"Sciacchitano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vitis, C., Capalbo, C., Torsello, A., Napoli, C., Salvati, V., Loffredo, C., Blandino, G., Piaggio, G., Auciello, F.R., and Pelliccia, F. (2022). Opposite Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Oxidative Stress and on Mitochondrial Respiration in COVID-19 Patients. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101998"},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02805-6","article-title":"Gene signature and immune cell profiling by high-dimensional, single-cell analysis in COVID-19 patients, presenting Low T3 syndrome and coexistent hematological malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Sciacchitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0363","article-title":"Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089190","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1089190","article-title":"Thyroxine changes in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_436","first-page":"975","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor induces local thyroid hormone inactivation during hypoxic-ischemic disease in rats","volume":"118","author":"Simonides","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0764-4469(00)87191-7","article-title":"Vaccination against the major infectious diseases","volume":"322","author":"Plotkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci. III"},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh227","article-title":"Influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the United States, 1959\u20131999","volume":"160","author":"Reichert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.018","article-title":"The impact of influenza on the health and health care utilization of elderly people","volume":"23","author":"Fleming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_440","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011\u20132020, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/strategies\/global-vaccine-action-plan."},{"key":"ref_441","unstructured":"Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030) (2023, October 10). A Global Strategy to Leave No One Behind. Available online: http:\/\/www.immunizationagenda2030.org\/."},{"key":"ref_442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101351","article-title":"Fostering healthy ageing: The interdependency of infections, immunity and frailty","volume":"69","author":"Vetrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix282","article-title":"The Importance of Frailty in the Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Related Hospitalization in Elderly People","volume":"216","author":"Andrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16917","article-title":"Zoster-064 Study Group. Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Is Efficacious and Safe in Frail Individuals","volume":"69","author":"Curran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2104","article-title":"Immunosenescence of ageing","volume":"211","author":"Gruver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2012.05.005","article-title":"Frailty and the role of inflammation, immunosenescence and cellular ageing in the very old: Cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study","volume":"133","author":"Collerton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.01.015","article-title":"The unmet need in the elderly: How immunosenescence, CMV infection, co-morbidities and frailty are a challenge for the development of more effective influenza vaccines","volume":"30","author":"McElhaney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.013","article-title":"B and T cell immune responses elicited by the Comirnaty\u00ae COVID-19 vaccine in nursing home residents","volume":"27","author":"Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104331","article-title":"Predictors for development of critical illness amongst older adults with COVID-19: Beyond age to age-associated factors","volume":"94","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13939","article-title":"COVID-19 and older people in Asia: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia calls to actions","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_451","unstructured":"(2023, October 06). Standing Recommendations for COVID-19 Issued by the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Accordance with the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240074064."},{"key":"ref_452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00334-0","article-title":"A robust machine learning framework to identify signatures for frailty: A nested case-control study in four ageing European cohorts","volume":"43","author":"Walter","year":"2021","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33659","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033659","article-title":"Low ALT, a marker of sarcopenia and frailty, is associated with shortened survival amongst myelodysplastic syndrome patients: A retrospective study","volume":"102","author":"Uliel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.011","article-title":"Frailty as a phenotypic manifestation of underlying oxidative stress","volume":"149","author":"Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02767.x","article-title":"Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults","volume":"44","author":"Browne","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faller, J.W., Pereira, D.d.N., de Souza, S., Nampo, F.K., Orlandi, F.d.S., and Matumoto, S. (2019). Instruments for the detection of frailty syndrome in older adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216166"},{"key":"ref_457","first-page":"1","article-title":"Communicating an ethical basis for decision-making in relation to frailty and allocation of scarce resources in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Rockwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Geriatr. Soc. CME J."},{"key":"ref_458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5770\/cgj.23.452","article-title":"Age Alone is not Adequate to Determine Health-care Resource Allocation During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Geriatr. J."},{"key":"ref_459","first-page":"210","article-title":"Using the Clinical Frailty Scale in Allocating Scarce Health Care Resources","volume":"23","author":"Rockwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Ger. J."},{"key":"ref_460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguayo, G.A., Vaillant, M.T., Donneau, A.-F., Schritz, A., Stranges, S., Malisoux, L., Chioti, A., Guillaume, M., Muller, M., and Witte, D.R. (2018). Comparative analysis of the association between 35 frailty scores and cardiovascular events, cancer, and total mortality in an elderly general population in England: An observational study. PLoS Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002543"},{"key":"ref_461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Frailty assessment instruments: Systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments","volume":"26","author":"Buta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03391.x","article-title":"Assessing self-maintenance: Activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"31","author":"Katz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_463","first-page":"1","article-title":"The supplement on aging to the 1984 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)","volume":"21","author":"Fitti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat."},{"key":"ref_464","unstructured":"Fillenbaum, G.C. (1988). Multidimensional Functional Assessment of Older Adults: The Duke Older American Resources and Services Procedures, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04259.x","article-title":"Predictors of immediate and 6-month outcomes in hospitalized elderly patients: The importance of functional status","volume":"36","author":"Narain","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2190\/UURL-2RYU-WRYD-EY3K","article-title":"A measure of primary sociobiological functions","volume":"6","author":"Katz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05691.x","article-title":"Assessment in geriatrics: Of caveats and names (editorial)","volume":"37","author":"Reuben","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0381-9","article-title":"The advanced activities of daily living: A tool allowing the evaluation of subtle functional decline in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Gorus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa089","article-title":"The role of illness acuity on the association between frailty and mortality in emergency department patients referred to internal medicine","volume":"49","author":"Pulok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2022.2060304","article-title":"Clinical frailty scale as a predictor of disease severity in patients hospitalised with COVID-19\u2014An observational cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Mattsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13129","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty among community-dwellers and outpatients in Japan as defined by the Japanese version of the cardiovascular health study criteria","volume":"17","author":"Satake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14005","article-title":"The revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria (revised J-CHS criteria)","volume":"20","author":"Satake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000033","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2013-000033","article-title":"Role of frailty assessment in patients undergoing cardiac interventions","volume":"1","author":"Rowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Heart."},{"key":"ref_474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2010.00151.x","article-title":"The 6-min walk is associated with frailty and predicts mortality in older adults with heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Boxer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl041","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the edmonton frail scale","volume":"35","author":"Rolfson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.02.003","article-title":"Validation of edmonton frail scale into elderly Turkish population","volume":"76","author":"Aykar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.01.009","article-title":"Screening for frailty with the FRAIL scale: A comparison with the phenotype criteria","volume":"18","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, S.D., Mitnitski, A., Gahbauer, E.A., Gill, T.M., and Rockwood, K. (2008). A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24"},{"key":"ref_479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52521.x","article-title":"Operationalizing a frailty index from a standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment","volume":"52","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1998.03.424","article-title":"Comprehensive geriatric assessment. Helping your elderly patients maintain functional well-being","volume":"103","author":"Rockwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2009.00367.x","article-title":"The assessment of frailty in older people in acute care","volume":"28","author":"Hilmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1064-y","article-title":"Key Messages for a Frailty Prevention and Management Policy in Europe from the ADVANTAGE JOINT ACTION Consortium","volume":"22","author":"Hendry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_483","unstructured":"Gabrovec, B., Antoniadou, E., Soleymani, D., Targowski, T., Kadalska, E., L\u00f3pez- Samaniego, L., Carriazo, A.M., Csizmadia, P., Hendry, A., and Mair, A. (2023, November 02). European Guide for Management of Frailty at Individual Level Including Recommendations and Roadmap. Advanced REcords System (ARES) documents of the European commision 2019, 6690697. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5c8c87747&appId=PPGMS."},{"key":"ref_484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1273-z","article-title":"Physical frailty: ICFSR International Clinical Practice Guidelines for identification and management","volume":"23","author":"Dent","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Ageing"},{"key":"ref_485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu197","article-title":"Importance of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalcraft, J.R., Cardinal, L.M., Wechsler, P.J., Hollis, B.W., Gerow, K.G., Alexander, B.M., Keith, J.F., and Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2020). Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Single Bout of Sun Exposure in Older and Younger Men and Women. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082237"},{"key":"ref_487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1193","article-title":"Clinical review: The effect of vitamin D on falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Murad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_488","first-page":"40","article-title":"A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention","volume":"567","author":"Willett","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3328","article-title":"Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: Patient level pooled analysis of 70,528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials","volume":"97","author":"Rejnmark","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01666-3","article-title":"Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients","volume":"22","author":"Ricci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annweiler, G., Corvaisier, M., Gautier, J., Dub\u00e9e, V., Legrand, E., Sacco, G., and Annweiler, C. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113377"},{"key":"ref_492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.09.003","article-title":"The anorexia of ageing: Is it a geriatric syndrome?","volume":"11","author":"Landi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.02.013","article-title":"Undernutrition: A major problem in nursing homes","volume":"12","author":"Morley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2010.12.005","article-title":"Post-discharge nutritional support in malnourished elderly individuals improves functional limitations","volume":"12","author":"Neelemat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207782794149","article-title":"Weight loss in older persons: New therapeutic approaches","volume":"13","author":"Morley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2010.04.014","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Morley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Reina, E., Aguilar-Cano, L., Garc\u00eda-Merino, M.R., Oca\u00f1a-Riola, R., Valdell\u00f3s, J., Bellido-Est\u00e9vez, I., and Ariza-Zafra, G. (2021). Assessing Prevalence and Factors Related to Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Multinomial Logistic Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163576"},{"key":"ref_498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-022-00664-y","article-title":"Polypharmacy, comorbidity and frailty: A complex interplay in older patients at the emergency department","volume":"13","author":"Labuschagne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06707.x","article-title":"Frailty and injuries in later life: The FICSIT trials","volume":"41","author":"Ory","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406233302501","article-title":"Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people","volume":"330","author":"Fiatarone","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008234","article-title":"Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults","volume":"364","author":"Villareal","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.08.005","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity progressive resistance training and targeted multidisciplinary treatment of frailty on mortality and nursing home admissions after hip fracture: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983536","article-title":"Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on mortality and cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention in the community","volume":"123","author":"Goel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.01.078","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation and survival in older coronary patients","volume":"54","author":"Suaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001365","article-title":"Participation in cardiac rehabilitation and survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A community-based study","volume":"128","author":"Pack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.12.8","article-title":"Should frailty status always be considered when treating the elderly patient?","volume":"8","author":"Theou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing Health"},{"key":"ref_507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01455-5","article-title":"European Collaborative and Interprofessional Capability Framework for Prevention and Management of Frailty\u2014A consensus process supported by the Joint Action for Frailty Prevention (ADVANTAGE) and the European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS)","volume":"32","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_508","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.12.016","article-title":"Frailty: An emerging public health priority","volume":"17","author":"Cesari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_509","unstructured":"Ageing Europe\u2014Statistics on Population Developments (2023, November 02). EU-27 Statistics Explained. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/SEPDF\/cache\/80393.pdf."},{"key":"ref_510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitnitski, A.B., Graham, J.E., Mogilner, A.J., and Rockwood, K. (2002). Frailty, fitness and late-life mortality in relation to chronological and biological age. BMC Geriatr., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-2-1"},{"key":"ref_511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14515","article-title":"Factors influencing transitions between frailty states in elderly adults: The Progetto Veneto Anziani Longitudinal Study","volume":"65","author":"Trevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12432","article-title":"Effectiveness of a multimodal intervention in functionally impaired older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Laosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_513","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2011","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on frailty","volume":"168","author":"Trombetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_514","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03882.x","article-title":"Frailty transitions in the San Antonio longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"60","author":"Espinoza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_515","first-page":"50","article-title":"Transition patterns of frailty syndrome in community-dwelling elderly individuals: A longitudinal study","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Frailty Ageing"},{"key":"ref_516","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.12.002","article-title":"Transitions in frailty states among community-living older adults and their associated factors","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_517","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S157089","article-title":"Frailty transitions and types of death in Chinese older adults: A population-based cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15003","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of frailty transitions in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study","volume":"65","author":"Pollack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_519","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S168750","article-title":"Frailty syndrome: Implications and challenges for health care policy","volume":"12","author":"Kojima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31785-4","article-title":"Management of frailty: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions","volume":"394","author":"Dent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_521","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byty\u00e7i, I., and Henein, M.Y. (2021). Stride Length Predicts Adverse Clinical Events in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122670"},{"key":"ref_522","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/10\/2053","article-title":"Classification of frailty and falls history using a combination of sensor-based mobility assessments","volume":"35","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Lim, J.A., and Nam, H.K. (2022). Effect of a digital literacy program on older adults\u2019 digital social behavior: A quasi-experimental study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912404"},{"key":"ref_524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.14781","article-title":"Wearable devices as facilitators, not drivers, of health behavior change","volume":"313","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, Y., Sakamoto, R., Hori, A., and Momosaki, R. (2023). Innovation in Digital Health Interventions for Frailty and Sarcopenia. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062341"},{"key":"ref_526","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, V., Femminella, G.D., Leonardini, L., Patumi, L., Palummeri, E., Roba, I., Aronni, W., Toccoli, S., Sforzin, S., and Denisi, F. (2023). Digital Health Service for Identification of Frailty Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The SUNFRAIL+ Study Protocol. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053861"},{"key":"ref_527","first-page":"101","article-title":"A Novel Tool for the Early Identification of Frailty in Elderly People: The Application in Primary Care Settings","volume":"9","author":"Maggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Frailty Ageing"},{"key":"ref_528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.11.008","article-title":"Determinants of frailty","volume":"11","author":"Gobbens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_529","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0319-y","article-title":"A mitochondrial root to accelerated ageing and frailty","volume":"16","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/721\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:47Z","timestamp":1760104187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":529,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13030721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13030721","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]}}}