{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:25:57Z","timestamp":1786368357164,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiac cachexia (CC) in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is characterized by catabolism and inflammation predicting poor prognosis. Levels of responsible transcription factors like signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, STAT3, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 in peripheral blood cells (PBC) are underinvestigated in CC. Expression of mediators was related to patients\u2019 functional status, body composition (BC) and metabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle (SM). Methods: Gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR in three cohorts: non-cachectic patients (ncCHF, n = 19, LVEF 31 \u00b1 7%, BMI 30.2 \u00b1 5.0 kg\/m2), cachectic patients (cCHF; n = 18, LVEF 27 \u00b1 7%, BMI 24.3 \u00b1 2.5 kg\/m2) and controls (n = 17, LVEF 70 \u00b1 7%, BMI 27.6 \u00b1 4.6 kg\/m2). BC was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood inflammatory markers were measured. We quantified solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4) and protein degradation by expressions of proteasome 20S subunit beta 2 and calpain-1 catalytic subunit in SM biopsies. Results: TNF and IL-10 expression was higher in cCHF than in ncCHF and controls (all p &lt; 0.004). cCHF had a lower fat mass index (FMI) and lower fat-free mass index (FFMI) compared to ncCHF and controls (p &lt; 0.05). STAT1 and STAT3 expression was higher in cCHF vs. ncCHF or controls (1.1 [1.6] vs. 0.8 [0.9] vs. 0.9 [1.1] RU and 4.6 [5.5] vs. 2.5 [4.8] vs. 3.0 [4.2] RU, all ANOVA-p &lt; 0.05). The same applied for SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression (1.1 [1.5] vs. 0.4 [0.4] vs. 0.4 [0.5] and 0.9 [3.3] vs. 0.4 [1.1] vs. 0.8 [0.9] RU, all ANOVA-p &lt; 0.04). In cCHF, higher TNF and STAT1 expression was associated with lower FMI (r = 0.5, p = 0.053 and p &lt; 0.05) but not with lower FFMI (p &gt; 0.4). In ncCHF, neither cytokine nor STAT\/SOCS expression was associated with BC (all p &gt; 0.3). SLC2A4 was upregulated in SM of cCHF vs. ncCHF (p &lt; 0.03). Conclusions: Increased STAT1, STAT3, SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression suggests their involvement in CC. In cCHF, higher TNF and STAT-1 expression in PBC were associated with lower FMI. Increased SLC2A4 in cachectic SM biopsies indicates altered glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1706600987000},"page":"733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increased Expression of Proinflammatory Genes in Peripheral Blood Cells Is Associated with Cardiac Cachexia in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Sandek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Gertler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Valentova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Jauert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Physiology, Department of Human Medicine, MSB Medical School Berlin, R\u00fcdesheimerstr 50, 14197 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1162-4682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Wallbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, German Heart Center Charit\u00e9, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site G\u00f6ttingen, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, German Heart Center Charit\u00e9, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Fielitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Dieter","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Charit\u00e9-University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt-University Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-020-00468-w","article-title":"Heart Failure-Induced Skeletal Muscle Wasting","volume":"17","author":"Philippou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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