{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:54:01Z","timestamp":1792270441817,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH grants","award":["NIH R01EY030851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY030851"]}]},{"name":"NIH grants","award":["NIH R01EY034718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY034718"]}]},{"name":"NIH grants","award":["2108711\/2327640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108711\/2327640"]}]},{"name":"NYEE Foundation grants, as well as in part by a Departmental Challenge Grant award from Research to Prevent Blindness, NY","award":["NIH R01EY030851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY030851"]}]},{"name":"NYEE Foundation grants, as well as in part by a Departmental Challenge Grant award from Research to Prevent Blindness, NY","award":["NIH R01EY034718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY034718"]}]},{"name":"NYEE Foundation grants, as well as in part by a Departmental Challenge Grant award from Research to Prevent Blindness, NY","award":["2108711\/2327640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108711\/2327640"]}]},{"name":"NSF-DMS","award":["NIH R01EY030851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY030851"]}]},{"name":"NSF-DMS","award":["NIH R01EY034718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01EY034718"]}]},{"name":"NSF-DMS","award":["2108711\/2327640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108711\/2327640"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alterations in microvasculature represent some of the earliest pathological processes across a wide variety of human diseases. In many organs, however, inaccessibility and difficulty in directly imaging tissues prevent the assessment of microvascular changes, thereby significantly limiting their translation into improved patient care. The eye provides a unique solution by allowing for the non-invasive and direct visualization and quantification of many aspects of the human microvasculature, including biomarkers for structure, function, hemodynamics, and metabolism. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) studies have specifically identified reduced capillary densities at the level of the retina in several eye diseases including glaucoma. This narrative review examines the published data related to OCTA-assessed microvasculature biomarkers and major systemic cardiovascular disease. While loss of capillaries is being established in various ocular disease, pilot data suggest that changes in the retinal microvasculature, especially within the macula, may also reflect small vessel damage occurring in other organs resulting from cardiovascular disease. Current evidence suggests retinal microvascular biomarkers as potential indicators of major systemic cardiovascular diseases, including systemic arterial hypertension, atherosclerotic disease, and congestive heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T10:44:24Z","timestamp":1706697864000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Eye as the Window to the Heart: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers as Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Kellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Ciulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Guidoboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine College of Engineering and Computing, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Verticchio Vercellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Oddone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glaucoma Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glaucoma Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gal","family":"Antman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Kuvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Siesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Heath Organization (2023, July 01). 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