{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T18:12:14Z","timestamp":1784657534562,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: During the early stages of human fetal development, the fetal skeleton system is chiefly made up of cartilage, which is gradually replaced by bone. Fetal bone development is mainly regulated by the parathyroid hormone parathormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein, with specific calprotectin playing a substantial role in cell adhesion and chemotaxis while exhibiting antimicrobial activity during the inflammatory osteogenesis process. The aim of our study was to measure the levels of PTH and calprotectin in early second trimester amniotic fluid and to carry out a comparison between the levels observed among normal full-term pregnancies (control group) and those of the groups of embryos exhibiting impaired or enhanced growth. Methods: For the present prospective study, we collected amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies that underwent amniocentesis at 15 to 22 weeks of gestational age during the period 2021\u20132023. Subsequently, we followed up on all pregnancies closely until delivery. Having recorded fetal birthweights, we then divided the neonates into three groups: small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: In total, 64 pregnancies, including 14 SGA, 10 LGA, and 40 AGA fetuses, were included in our study. Both substances were detected in early second trimester amniotic fluid in both groups. Concentrations of calprotectin differed significantly among the three groups (p = 0.033). AGA fetuses had a lower mean value of 4.195 (2.415\u20136.425) IU\/mL, whereas LGA fetuses had a higher mean value of 6.055 (4.887\u201313.950) IU\/mL, while SGA fetuses had a mean value of 5.475 (3.400\u20139.177) IU\/mL. Further analysis revealed that only LGA fetuses had significantly higher calprotectin concentrations compared to AGA fetuses (p = 0.018). PTH concentration was similar between the groups, with LGA fetuses having a mean value of 13.18 (9.51\u201315.52) IU\/mL, while SGA fetuses had a mean value of 14.18 (9.02\u201316.00) IU\/mL, and AGA fetuses had similar concentrations of 13.35 (9.05\u201315.81) IU\/mL. The differences in PTH concentration among the three groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.513). Conclusions: Calprotectin values in the amniotic fluid in the early second trimester were higher in LGA fetuses compared to those in the SGA and AGA categories. LGA fetuses can possibly be in a state of low-grade chronic inflammation due to excessive fat deposition, causing oxidative stress in LGA fetuses and, eventually, the release of calprotectin. Moreover, PTH concentrations in the amniotic fluid of early second trimester pregnancies were not found to be statistically correlated with fetal growth abnormalities in either LGA or SGA fetuses. However, the early time of collection and the small number of patients in our study should be taken into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T09:43:22Z","timestamp":1706780602000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measurement of Calprotectin and PTH in the Amniotic Fluid of Early Second Trimester Pregnancies and Their Impact on Fetuses with Growth Disorders: Are Their Levels Related to Oxidative Stress?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Maroudias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tzaneio General Hospital, 18536 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9735-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysios","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-3992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Fotiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tzaneio General Hospital, 18536 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6606-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimilia","family":"Mantzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilei\u03bfs","family":"Pergialiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Valsamakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Machairiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofoklis","family":"Stavros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Panagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Vakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Drakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, London SW17, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loukas, N., Vrachnis, D., Antonakopoulos, N., Pergialiotis, V., Mina, A., Papoutsis, I., Iavazzo, C., Fotiou, A., Stavros, S., and Valsamakis, G. (2023). Prenatal exposure to Bisphenol A: Is there an association between Bisphenol A in second trimester amniotic fluid and fetal growth?. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050882"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"624","article-title":"Fetal growth and perinatal viability in California","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald, T.M., Hui, L., Tong, S., Robinson, A.J., Dane, K.M., Middleton, A.L., and Walker, S.P. (2017). Reduced growth velocity across the third trimester is associated with placental insufficiency in fetuses born at a normal birthweight: A prospective cohort study. BMC Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0928-z"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.007","article-title":"Optimizing the definition of intrauterine growth restriction: The multicenter prospective PORTO Study","volume":"208","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, L.M., Tong, S., Robinson, A.J., Hiscock, R.J., Hui, L., Dane, K.M., Middleton, A.L., Walker, S.P., and MacDonald, T.M. (2020). Reduced growth velocity from the mid-trimester is associated with placental insufficiency in fetuses born at a normal birthweight. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01869-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardien, N., Whitehead, C.L., Tong, S., Ugoni, A., McDonald, S., and Walker, S.P. (2016). Placental Insufficiency in Fetuses That Slow in Growth but Are Born Appropriate for Gestational Age: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142788"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrix, M.L.E., van Kuijk, S.M.J., Gavilanes, A.W.D., Kramer, D., Spaanderman, M.E.A., and Al Nasiry, S. (2019). Reduced fetal growth velocities and the association with neonatal outcomes in appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2167-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14644","article-title":"Human fetal growth is constrained below optimal for perinatal survival","volume":"45","author":"Vasak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468800009541","article-title":"Constrained and unconstrained fetal growth: Associations with some biological and pathological factors","volume":"15","author":"Ounsted","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2012.05.002","article-title":"Maternal-fetal resource allocation: Co-operation and conflict","volume":"33","author":"Fowden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Prediction of the small for gestational age infant: Which ultrasonic measurement is best?","volume":"80","author":"Chang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f108","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108","article-title":"Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: Population based study","volume":"346","author":"Gardosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.02.003","article-title":"Soluble Fas and Fas-ligand levels in mid-trimester amniotic fluid and their associations with severe small for gestational age fetuses: A prospective observational study","volume":"98","author":"Vrachnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"145487","article-title":"Preeclampsia: Molecular mechanisms, predisposition, and treatment","volume":"2012","author":"Vitoratos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"327","article-title":"Association of adiponectin and placental growth factor in amniotic fluid with second trimester fetal growth","volume":"26","author":"Kalampokas","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211290","article-title":"Amniotic fluid: Not just fetal urine anymore","volume":"25","author":"Underwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108082","article-title":"Neutrophil activation in preeclampsia and isolated intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"183","author":"Sabatier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610500363840","article-title":"Placental apoptosis and adhesion molecules expression in the placenta and the maternal placental bed of pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction with and without pre-eclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Madazli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. J. Inst. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93237-J","article-title":"Antimicrobial actions of calcium binding leucocyte L1 protein, calprotectin","volume":"336","author":"Steinbakk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2461-4","article-title":"Bone metabolism in the fetus and neonate","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.7_Spec_No.874","article-title":"Mineral transport across the placenta","volume":"67","author":"Husain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.101062","article-title":"Calciotropic and phosphotropic hormones in fetal and neonatal bone development","volume":"25","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.10.4109.bloodjournal87104109","article-title":"Early ontogeny of the human marrow from long bones: An immunohistochemical study of hematopoiesis and its micro-environment","volume":"78","author":"Charboard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(98)00049-8","article-title":"The first-appearance of neutrophils in the human fetal bone marrow cavity","volume":"53","author":"Slayton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1941-6_41","article-title":"The leucocyte protein L1 (calprotectin): A putative nonspecific defence factor at epithelial surfaces","volume":"371","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(98)00144-X","article-title":"Novel insights into structure and function of MRP8 (S100A8) and MRP14 (S100A9)","volume":"1448","author":"Kerkhoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.08.025","article-title":"Calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"510","author":"Qujeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.1.2.21","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: Defensins, calprotectin and bacterial\/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes","volume":"13","author":"Espinoza","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.082","article-title":"Calprotectin in human cord blood: Relation to perinatal parameters and restricted fetal growth","volume":"38","author":"Liosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.028","article-title":"The fetus that is small for gestational age","volume":"1092","author":"Vrachnis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70239-5","article-title":"Preeclampsia: An excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy","volume":"180","author":"Redman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"179","article-title":"Leukocyte responses to hypoxic\/ischemic conditions","volume":"4","author":"Scannell","year":"1996","journal-title":"New Horiz."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragkiadaki, P., Soulitzis, N., Sifakis, S., Koutroulakis, D., Gourvas, V., Vrachnis, N., and Spandidos, D.A. (2015). Downregulation of notch signaling pathway in late preterm and term placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126163"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70081-4","article-title":"Increased placental apoptosis in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"177","author":"Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2005.00554.x","article-title":"Calprotectin plasma level is elevated in preeclampsia","volume":"84","author":"Holthe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.055","article-title":"Calprotectin, a marker of inflammation, is elevated in the maternal but not in the fetal circulation in preeclampsia","volume":"193","author":"Braekke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1159\/000492579","article-title":"Serum Calprotectin Level in Children: Marker of Obesity and its Metabolic Complications","volume":"73","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortensen, O.H., Nielsen, A.R., Erikstrup, C., Plomgaard, P., Fischer, C.P., Krogh-Madsen, R., Lindegaard, B., Petersen, A.M., Taudorf, S., and Pedersen, B.K. (2009). Calprotectin\u2014A novel marker of obesity. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007419"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508409","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/508409","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Inflammation to Insulin Resistance","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58928","article-title":"Obesity and inflammation: The linking mechanism and the complications","volume":"13","author":"Ellulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538474","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/538474","article-title":"Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring","volume":"2012","author":"Vrachnis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88882","article-title":"The initiation of metabolic inflammation in childhood obesity","volume":"127","author":"Singer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.02.003","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diets cause insulin resistance through inflammatory changes in fetal adipose tissue","volume":"169","author":"Murabayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"8476217","article-title":"Association between Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in 2nd Trimester Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Development","volume":"5","author":"Antonakopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11321","article-title":"Fetal parathyroids are not required to maintain placental calcium transport","volume":"107","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.11.8509","article-title":"PTH regulates fetal blood calcium and skeletal mineralization independently of PTHrP","volume":"142","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0073-0","article-title":"Bone development in the fetus and neonate: Role of the calciotropic hormones","volume":"9","author":"Kovacs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00237-3","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy and lactation on hormonal status and biochemical markers of bone turnover","volume":"106","author":"More","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v20.i3.40","article-title":"Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) in regulating mineral homeostasis during fetal development","volume":"20","author":"Simmonds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.02.010","article-title":"Impact of prenatal hypoxia on fetal bone growth and osteoporosis in ovariectomized offspring rats","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.01.114","article-title":"Review: Alterations in placental glycogen deposition in complicated pregnancies: Current preclinical and clinical evidence","volume":"54","author":"Akison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.10.4321","article-title":"Relationship between concentration of serum leptin and fetal growth","volume":"82","author":"Harigaya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.020","article-title":"Impact of intra- and extrauterine growth on bone mineral density and content in the neonatal period of very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.10.002","article-title":"Perinatal bone turnover in term pregnancies: The influence of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"42","author":"Briana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993882","article-title":"Potential biochemical growth markers in premature infants","volume":"16","author":"Bhandari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900418","article-title":"Effects of gestational age, maternal diabetes, and intrauterine growth retardation on markers of fetal bone turnover in amniotic fluid","volume":"62","author":"Harrast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-6-1123","article-title":"Serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and osteocalcin in normal pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Rodin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000070","article-title":"Factors affecting newborn bone mineral content: In utero effects on newborn bone mineralization","volume":"59","author":"Namgung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F126","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.75.2.F126","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in small for gestational age infants: Correlation with cord blood zinc concentrations","volume":"75","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000244259","article-title":"Umbilical cord osteocalcin in normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation or diabetes mellitus","volume":"68","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066604269663","article-title":"Current concepts in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"19","author":"Brodsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.848_a.x","article-title":"Altered Bone Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"93","author":"Tulassay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulewicz-Marti, E.M., Lewandowski, K., and Rydzewska, G. (2022). Bone Metabolism Alteration in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144138"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:53:07Z","timestamp":1760104387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/3\/855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13030855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13030855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}