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Methods: Ninety opioid users (41 females) in methadone and buprenorphine medication treatment were randomly divided into four groups: (a) buprenorphine experimental (BEX; n = 26, aged 41.9 \u00b1 6.1 yrs); (b) buprenorphine control (BCON; n = 25, aged 41.9 \u00b1 5.6 yrs); (c) methadone experimental (MEX; n = 20, aged 46.7 \u00b1 6.6 yrs); and (d) methadone control (MCON; n = 19, aged 46.1 \u00b1 7.5 yrs). The experimental groups (BEX and MEX) followed an aerobic exercise training program on a treadmill for 20 min at 70% HRmax, 3 days\/week for 8 weeks. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics, as well as non-opioid drug use in days and quantity per week, were assessed before and after the intervention period. Results: Following the exercise training, the weekly non-opioid substance consumption (days) decreased (p &lt; 0.05) in both exercise groups and was lower in BEX compared to MEX, while no differences were observed (p &gt; 0.05) between the control groups (BCON vs. MCON) or compared to their baseline levels. Similarly, the daily amount of non-opiate substance intake was reduced (p &lt; 0.05) post-training in BEX and MEX, whereas it did not differ (p &gt; 0.05) in BCON and MCON compared to the baseline. Conclusions: The two-month exercise intervention reduced the non-opioid drug use in both the methadone and buprenorphine substitution groups compared to the controls, suggesting that aerobic exercise training may be an effective strategy for treating patients with OUDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T06:12:58Z","timestamp":1707286378000},"page":"941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of a Two-Month Exercise Training Program on Concurrent Non-Opiate Substance Use in Opioid-Dependent Patients during Substitution Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0831-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Psarianos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Organization Against Drugs (O\u039aA\u039dA), 10433 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Chryssanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Theocharis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Organization Against Drugs (O\u039aA\u039dA), 10433 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Paparrigopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastassios","family":"Philippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12834","article-title":"Expectations about alcohol, cocaine, and benzodiazepine abstinence following inpatient heroin withdrawal management","volume":"28","author":"Kenney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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