{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T13:22:05Z","timestamp":1794057725379,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CBP NonProfit"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lumbar disc herniation associated with radiculopathy (LDHR) is among the most frequent causes of spine-related disorders. This condition is triggered by irritation of the nerve root caused by a herniated disc. Many non-surgical and surgical approaches are available for managing this prevalent disorder. Non-surgical treatment approaches are considered the preferred initial management methods as they are proven to be efficient in reducing both pain and disability in the absence of any red flags. The methodology employed in this review involves an extensive exploration of recent clinical research, focusing on various non-surgical approaches for LDHR. By exploring the effectiveness and patient-related outcomes of various conservative approaches, including physical therapy modalities and alternative therapies, therapists gain valuable insights that can inform clinical decision-making, ultimately contributing to enhanced patient care and improved outcomes in the treatment of LDHR. The objective of this article is to introduce advanced and new treatment techniques, supplementing existing knowledge on various conservative treatments. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current therapeutic landscape, thereby suggesting pathways for future research to fill the gaps in knowledge. Specific to our detailed review, we identified the following interventions to yield moderate evidence (Level B) of effectiveness for the conservative treatment of LDHR: patient education and self-management, McKenzie method, mobilization and manipulation, exercise therapy, traction (short-term outcomes), neural mobilization, and epidural injections. Two interventions were identified to have weak evidence of effectiveness (Level C): traction for long-term outcomes and dry needling. Three interventions were identified to have conflicting or no evidence (Level D) of effectiveness: electro-diagnostic-based management, laser and ultrasound, and electrotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1707469441000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Non-Surgical Approaches to the Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation Associated with Radiculopathy: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"El Melhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders and Their Surgeries, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3225-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S. A.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moustafa R.","family":"Zebdawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya A.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamia H.","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6671-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deed E.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBP Nonprofit, Eagle, ID 83616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0035-x","article-title":"Effect of continuous lumbar traction on the size of herniated disc material in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Ozturk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol. 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