{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:02:47Z","timestamp":1784545367133,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The upper limb is crucial for functioning in everyday life, thus comprehensive assessment is crucial for physically active people to monitor the effect of exercise and prevent injuries. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between upper limb function, shoulder mobility, and posture in individuals who participate in recreational strength training. Methods: Thirty-four subjects who engaged in strength training of the upper limbs were divided into two groups: Group 1 (exercise &lt; 3 years) and Group 2 (exercise \u2265 3 years). Lateral scapular slide tests, head and clavicle posture evaluations, and shoulder mobility and closed kinetic chain tests were performed. Results: Group 1 had a greater flexion deficit in both shoulders than Group 2. There was greater external rotation in the non-dominant shoulder and a greater score of the closed kinetic chain test in Group 2 compared to Group 1. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding scapula, clavicle, and head posture. The closed kinetic chain test was correlated with a scapula position and symmetry in shoulder flexion in Group 2. Conclusions: Long-term strength training of the upper limbs can be recommended to improve functional abilities in the closed kinetic chain, increase shoulder mobility, and reduce asymmetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Relationship between Upper Limb Functional Assessment and Clinical Tests of Shoulder Mobility and Posture in Individuals Participating in Recreational Strength Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zawadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Chair of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 15, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gawe\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Chair of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 15, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Tomczyk-Warunek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Locomotor Systems Research, Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Tur\u017ca\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Blicharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.35784\/jteme.517","article-title":"Biomechanics of the Upper Limb","volume":"2","author":"Jaworski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Technol. Exploit. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"122","article-title":"Sports Injuries of the Upper Limbs","volume":"45","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ortop."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2019.10.005","article-title":"Common Upper-Extremity Injuries","volume":"47","author":"DeCastro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-011-9383-z","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Injuries Presenting to the Emergency Department in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Ootes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.55460\/AS9H-FO5O","article-title":"The Importance of Physical Fitness for Injury Prevention: Part 1","volume":"15","author":"Knapik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spec. Oper. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-020-00264-9","article-title":"The Relationship between Physical Fitness Attributes and Sports Injury in Female, Team Ball Sport Players: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Farley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2021.05.014","article-title":"Relationship between Upper Limb Physical Performance Tests and Muscle Strength of Scapular, Shoulder and Spine Stabilizers: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"27","author":"Guirelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuseppe, L.U., Laura, R.A., Berton, A., Candela, V., Massaroni, C., Carnevale, A., Stelitano, G., Schena, E., Nazarian, A., and DeAngelis, J. (2020). Scapular Dyskinesis: From Basic Science to Ultimate Treatment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082974"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2014.899414","article-title":"Measurement Properties of Existing Clinical Assessment Methods Evaluating Scapular Positioning and Function. A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.01.009","article-title":"The \u201cUpper Limb Rotation Test\u201d: Reliability and Validity Study of a New Upper Extremity Physical Performance Test","volume":"42","author":"Decleve","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.052993","article-title":"Effects of Recreational Physical Activity and Back Exercises on Low Back Pain and Psychological Distress: Findings From the UCLA Low Back Pain Study","volume":"95","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00094.2021","article-title":"Neural Adaptations to Long-Term Resistance Training: Evidence for the Confounding Effect of Muscle Size on the Interpretation of Surface Electromyography","volume":"131","author":"Balshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Delavier, F., and Gundill, M. (2011). The Strength Training Anatomy Workout, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Starrett, K., and Cordoza, G. (2015). Becoming a Supple Leopard\u201d The Ultimate Guide to Resolving Pain, Preventing Injury, and Optimizing Athletic Performance, Victory Belt Publishing."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.4.438","article-title":"Lateral Scapular Slide Test and Scapular Mobility in Volleyball Players","volume":"46","author":"Ozunlu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050872","article-title":"The Reliability Measurements of Lateral Scapular Slide Test at Three Different Degrees of Shoulder Joint Abduction","volume":"44","author":"Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.07.236","article-title":"Clavicular and Scapular, but Not Spinal Kinematics Vary with Scapular Dyskinesis Type during Arm Elevation and Lowering in Persons with Neck Pain","volume":"97","author":"Wannaprom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.12.006","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of Goniometric and Photographic Measurements of Clavicular Tilt Angle","volume":"18","author":"Ha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10036-1199","article-title":"Modified Universal Goniometer for Objective Assessment of Forward Head Posture in Clinical Settings","volume":"5","author":"Naik","year":"2018","journal-title":"MGM J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.06.010","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test in Healthy Young Adults","volume":"45","author":"Welch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.04.004","article-title":"Reliability of the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test in Young Adults","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Need to Report Effect Size Estimates Revisited. An Overview of Some Recommended Measures of Effect Size","volume":"1","author":"Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, M.A., Almatar, A.A., and Alibrahim, M.S. (2023). Higher Sedentary Behaviors and Lower Levels of Specific Knowledge Are Risk Factors for Physical Activity-Related Injuries in Saudi Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054610"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44664-8","article-title":"The Association between Physical Activity and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"9","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n-Vela, J., Solis-Urra, P., Ruiz-Ojeda, F.J., \u00c1lvarez-Mercado, A.I., Olivares-Arancibia, J., and Plaza-Diaz, J. (2021). Impact of Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Obesity. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113999"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102989","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder among Health Care Providers Working in the Operation Room","volume":"72","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3390\/hygiene2030012","article-title":"Resistance Training Improves Physical Fitness and Reduces Pain Perception in Workers with Upper Limb Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Pilot Study","volume":"2","author":"Bullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hygiene"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210000274","article-title":"Human Muscle Fibre Abnormalities Related to Occupational Load","volume":"83","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.06.007","article-title":"Tailored Exercise Program Reduces Symptoms of Upper Limb Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in a Group of Metalworkers: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Rasotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundstrup, E., Jakobsen, M.D., Brandt, M., Jay, K., Aagaard, P., and Andersen, L.L. (2016). Strength Training Improves Fatigue Resistance and Self-Rated Health in Workers with Chronic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4137918"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2017-0062","article-title":"Physical Training and Upper-Limb Strength of People With Paraplegia: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Melo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2306","article-title":"The Effects of Exercise Training on Upper Extremity Function for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Neira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med. Clin. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, J., El Assar, M., \u00c1lvarez-Bustos, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as, L. (2020). Physical Activity and Exercise: Strategies to Manage Frailty. Redox Biol., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00005","article-title":"Circuit Training Provides Cardiorespiratory and Strength Benefits in Persons with Paraplegia","volume":"33","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perret, C., De Jaegher, J., and Velstra, I.-M. (2022). Feasibility of an Upper Limb Strength Training Program in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury during Primary Rehabilitation\u2014An Uncontrolled Interventional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214743"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.162","article-title":"Strength Training for Partially Paralysed Muscles in People with Recent Spinal Cord Injury: A within-Participant Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"55","author":"Bye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Mosc\u00e3o, J., Rocha, T., Zacca, R., Martins, A., Milheiro, A.A., Ferreira, J., Sarmento, H., and Clemente, F.M. (2021). Strength Training versus Stretching for Improving Range of Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/2tdfm"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31821624aa","article-title":"Resistance Training vs. Static Stretching: Effects on Flexibility and Strength","volume":"25","author":"Morton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"367","article-title":"Shoulder Strength and Range-Of-Motion Characteristics in Bodybuilders","volume":"16","author":"Barlow","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01248-w","article-title":"The Case for Retiring Flexibility as a Major Component of Physical Fitness","volume":"50","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S138975","article-title":"Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in Throwing Athletes: Current Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003655","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Body Posture, Functional Movement, and Physical Fitness in Children With Overweight\/Obesity","volume":"34","author":"Migueles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.10.005","article-title":"Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Ruivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucci, H.T., Martins, J., Sposito, G.d.C., Camarini, P.M.F., and de Oliveira, A.S. (2014). Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUES Test): A Reliability Study in Persons with and without Shoulder Impingement Syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c069d8","article-title":"Effectiveness of Strengthening and Stretching Exercises for the Postural Correction of Abducted Scapulae: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Hrysomallis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1760104705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13041028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13041028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]}}}