{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:11Z","timestamp":1760143691282,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WI\/WM-IIB\/5\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI\/WM-IIB\/5\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multi-comminuted, intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus still pose a challenge to modern orthopedics due to unsatisfactory treatment results and a high percentage (over 50%) of postoperative complications. When surgical treatment is chosen, such fractures are fixed using two plates with locking screws, which can be used in three spatial configurations: either parallel or one of two perpendicular variants (posterolateral and posteromedial). The evaluation of the fracture healing conditions for these plate configurations is unambiguous. The contradictions between the conclusions of biomechanical studies and clinical observations were the motivation to undertake a more in-depth biomechanical analysis aiming to indicate the weak points of two-plate fracture stabilization. Methods: Research was conducted using the finite element method based on an experimentally validated model. Three variants of distal humerus fracture (Y, \u03bb, and H) were fixed using three different plate configurations (parallel, posterolateral, and posteromedial), and they were analyzed under six loading conditions, covering the whole range of flexion in the elbow joint (0\u2013145\u00b0). A joint reaction force equal to 150 N was assumed, which corresponds with holding a weight of 1 kg in the hand. The biomechanical conditions of bone union were assessed based on the interfragmentary movement (IFM) and using criteria formulated by Steiner et al. Results: The IFMs were established for particular regions of all of the analyzed types of fracture, with distinction to the normal and tangential components. In general, the tangential component of IFM was greater than normal. A strong influence of the elbow joint\u2019s angular position on the IFM was observed, with excessive values occurring for flexion angles greater than 90\u00b0. In most cases, the smallest IFM values were obtained for the parallel plaiting, while the greatest values were obtained for the posteromedial plating. Based on IFM values, fracture healing conditions in particular cases (fracture type, plate configuration, loading condition, and fracture gap localization) were classified into one of four groups: optimal bone union (OPT), probable union (PU), probable non-union (PNU), and non-union (NU). Conclusions: No plating configuration is able to ensure distal humerus fracture union when the full elbow flexion is allowed while holding a weight of 1 kg in the hand. However, flexion in the range of 0\u201390\u00b0 with such loadings is acceptable when using parallel plating, which is a positive finding in the context of the early rehabilitation process. In general, parallel plating ensures better conditions for fracture healing than perpendicular plate configurations, especially the posteromedial version.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Weak Points of Double-Plate Stabilization Used in the Treatment of Distal Humerus Fracture through Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Artur","family":"Kruszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45A Wiejska Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2191-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szczepan","family":"Piszczatowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45A Wiejska Street, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Piekarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 128 Szaser\u00f3w Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 128 Szaser\u00f3w Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 128 Szaser\u00f3w Street, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.02.021","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of fall-related fractures in adults","volume":"48","author":"Clement","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergdahl, C., Ekholm, C., Wennergren, D., Nilsson, F., and M\u00f6ller, M. 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