{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:55:22Z","timestamp":1792166122257,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and multi-organ involvement. In this concise brief review, we highlight key insights into Ocular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), an intricate autoimmune disorder with diverse organ involvement. Emphasizing the formation of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition, we delve into the inflammation and damage affecting ocular structures. Clinical presentations, ranging from mild dry eye syndrome to severe conditions like retinal vasculitis, necessitate a comprehensive diagnostic approach, including clinical exams, serological testing, and imaging studies. Differential diagnosis involves distinguishing SLE-related ocular manifestations from other autoimmune and non-inflammatory ocular conditions. The multidisciplinary management approach, involving rheumatologists, ophthalmologists, and immunologists, tailors treatment based on ocular involvement severity, encompassing corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biologics. Follow-up is crucial for monitoring disease progression and treatment response. Future perspectives revolve around advancing molecular understanding, refining diagnostic tools, and exploring targeted therapies. Novel research areas include genetic factors, microbiome composition, and biotechnology for tailored and effective SLE ocular treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Unveiling Ocular Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutali","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria"},{"name":"Centre for Sight Africa, Onitsha 434112, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekele","family":"Chukwuyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight Africa, Onitsha 434112, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7141-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwasola Michael","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efioshiomoshi Kings","family":"Topah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano 700006, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leopoldo","family":"Spadea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Salati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza Dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Clinic, Catania University San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubon, W., Lubon, M., Kotyla, P., and Mrukwa-Kominek, E. 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