{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:12:59Z","timestamp":1789240379289,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Harold Amos Medical Faculty Development Program, the Federal Food and Drug Administration","award":["1R01DE031053-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DE031053-01A1"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1R01DE031053-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DE031053-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perioperative vision loss (POVL) is a devastating surgical complication that impacts both the recovery from surgery and quality of life, most commonly occurring after spine surgery. With rates of spine surgery dramatically increasing, the prevalence of POVL will increase proportionately. This scoping review aims to aggregate the literature pertinent to POVL in spine surgery and consolidate recommendations and preventative measures to reduce the risk of POVL. There are several causes of POVL, and the main contribution following spine surgery is ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). Vision loss often manifests immediately following surgery and is irreversible and severe. Diffusion weighted imaging has recently surfaced as a diagnostic tool to identify ION. There are no effective treatments; therefore, risk stratification for counseling and prevention are vital. Patients undergoing prone surgery of long duration and\/or with significant expected blood loss are at greatest risk. Future research is necessary to develop effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T11:30:12Z","timestamp":1707737412000},"page":"1051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Perioperative Blindness in Spine Surgery: A Scoping Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6290-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Sperber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Owolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-1133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanner J.","family":"Zachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kansas City University; Kansas City, MO 64106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora M.","family":"Lad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Rory","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2015.11.004","article-title":"Perioperative visual loss","volume":"30","author":"Kla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1534","article-title":"The Prevalence of Perioperative Visual Loss in the United States: A 10-Year Study from 1996 to 2005 of Spinal, Orthopedic, Cardiac, and General Surgery","volume":"109","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet. Anesth. Dig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318175d1bf","article-title":"Visual loss after spine surgery: A population-based study","volume":"33","author":"Patil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199706150-00008","article-title":"Ophthalmic Complications After Spinal Surgery","volume":"22","author":"Stevens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0081-8","article-title":"Physical activity, visual impairment, and eye disease","volume":"32","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.034","article-title":"Visual Field Loss and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in the United States","volume":"119","author":"Willis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.316","article-title":"Visual Impairment, Uncorrected Refractive Error, and Objectively Measured Balance in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Willis","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb031771","article-title":"Spinal-Fusion Surgery\u2014The Case for Restraint","volume":"350","author":"Deyo","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002805","article-title":"Increased Proportion of Fusion Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis and Changes in Reoperation Rate: A Nationwide Cohort Study With a Minimum 5-Year Follow-up","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.139","article-title":"Increased Volume of Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Changes in Surgical Methods and Outcomes: A Nationwide Cohort Study with a 5-Year Follow-Up","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"729","article-title":"Neurovascular complications from malposition on the operating table","volume":"86","author":"Slocum","year":"1948","journal-title":"Surg. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1950.00910010204001","article-title":"Occlusion of the central retinal artery following anesthesia","volume":"43","author":"Givner","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"294","article-title":"Two cases of unilateral blindness following anaesthesia with vascular hypotension","volume":"69","author":"Gillan","year":"1953","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1954.00920050825002","article-title":"Unilateral blindness occurring during anesthesia for neurosurgical operations","volume":"52","author":"Hollenhorst","year":"1954","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.04.005","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Complication Rates After Surgery for Adult Deformity: A Reference for Informed Consent","volume":"3","author":"Sciubba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M.D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195505000-00004","article-title":"Induced hypotension during anesthesia and surgery","volume":"16","author":"Little","year":"1955","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198703000-00018","article-title":"Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in Association with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"12","author":"Bradish","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210207","article-title":"Cortical blindness: Etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"21","author":"Aldrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03535.x","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmological complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"76","author":"Shaw","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199307000-00017","article-title":"Central Retinal Artery Occlusion After Scoliosis Surgery with a Horseshoe Headrest: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"18","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199402001-00018","article-title":"Amaurosis Secondary to Massive Blood Loss After Lumbar Spine Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Katzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)01108-0","article-title":"Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy after open heart operations","volume":"61","author":"Shapira","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307832","article-title":"Central retinal artery occulusion after spinal surgery","volume":"5","author":"Sys","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199706150-00009","article-title":"Visual Loss as a Complication of Spine Surgery: A review of 37 cases","volume":"22","author":"Myers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011996","article-title":"Ischaemic optic neuropathy after spinal fusion","volume":"45","author":"Dilger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00343-2","article-title":"Bilateral posterior ischemic optic neuropathy after spinal surgery","volume":"127","author":"Alexandrakis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200112000-00012","article-title":"The Effect of Prone Positioning on Intraocular Pressure in Anesthetized Patients","volume":"95","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200109000-00036","article-title":"Unilateral Blindness after Prone Lumbar Spine Surgery","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200109000-00006","article-title":"Postoperative visual loss: Still no answers\u2014Yet","volume":"95","author":"Roth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01199-0","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"132","author":"Sadda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(02)01210-3","article-title":"Perioperative risk factors for posterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"194","author":"Dunker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.039651","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion and ophthalmoplegia following spinal surgery","volume":"88","author":"Halfon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701562","article-title":"Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: Clinical features, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"18","author":"Hayreh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2004.10.005","article-title":"Perioperative posterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Buono","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"38","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy following spine surgery","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000139345.85653.AB","article-title":"Blindness in the intensive care unit: Possible role for vasopressors?","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200610000-00007","article-title":"The American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry: Analysis of 93 Spine Surgery Cases with Postoperative Visual Loss","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.09.025","article-title":"Ischemic Orbital Compartment Syndrome as a Complication of Spinal Surgery in the Prone Position","volume":"113","author":"Leibovitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blindness (2006). Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blindness. Anesthesiology, 104, 1319\u20131328.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200606000-00027"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20650","article-title":"Prone positioning for head and neck reconstructive surgery","volume":"29","author":"Mobley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318158cc23","article-title":"Changes in intraocular pressure due to surgical positioning: Studying potential risk for postoperative vision loss","volume":"32","author":"Walick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Visual Loss in a Prone-Positioned Spine Surgery Patient with the Head on a Foam Headrest and Goggles Covering the Eyes: An Old Complication with a New Mechanism","volume":"104","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Anesth. Dig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/11\/15","article-title":"Vision loss after spine surgery: Review of the literature and recommendations","volume":"23","author":"Baig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E569","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817c55c2","article-title":"Ischemic Orbital Compartment Syndrome After Posterior Spinal Surgery","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorn.2008.03.004","article-title":"Safe Positioning for Neurosurgical Patients","volume":"87","author":"Paquin","year":"2008","journal-title":"AORN J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318175c86c","article-title":"Dilated Superior Ophthalmic Veins and Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy After Prolonged Spine Surgery","volume":"28","author":"Reddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.11.002","article-title":"Ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"28","author":"Hayreh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0279","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Perspective on Full Disclosure and Informed Consent Regarding Postoperative Visual Loss Associated With Spinal Surgery in the Prone Position","volume":"86","author":"Corda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss (2012). Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss. Anesthesiology, 116, 274\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31823c104d"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2012.6.4.287","article-title":"Cortical Blindness Following Spinal Surgery: Very Rare Cause of Perioperative Vision Loss","volume":"6","author":"Goni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013200632","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200632","article-title":"Unilateral visual loss after spine surgery in the prone position for extradural haematoma in a healthy young man","volume":"2013","author":"Ooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i2.100","article-title":"Perioperative visual loss after spine surgery","volume":"5","author":"Nickels","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3109\/01658107.2015.1021054","article-title":"Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Confirm a Diagnosis of Posterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy: Two Case Reports and Literature Review","volume":"39","author":"Quddus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00557","article-title":"Update on Perioperative Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Associated With Non-ophthalmic Surgery","volume":"9","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2019). Practice Advisory for Perioperative Visual Loss Associated with Spine Surgery 2019. An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss, the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, and the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care. Anesthesiology, 130, 12\u201330."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_41_20","article-title":"Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Perioperative risk factors","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.02.008","article-title":"Attenuation of increased intraocular pressure with propofol anesthesia: A systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05119-x","article-title":"Ocular complications of perioperative anesthesia: A review","volume":"259","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04921-y","article-title":"Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy following supine craniotomy for epidural abscess in a child","volume":"37","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_473_20","article-title":"Cortical blindness after cervical spine surgery in supine position\u2014A rare case report and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Yelamarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235888","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-235888","article-title":"Sudden painless loss of vision following spine surgery: Lessons learnt in darkness","volume":"14","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_428_19","article-title":"A study to evaluate ocular changes in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position","volume":"37","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20916-y","article-title":"Utility of standard diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the identification of ischemic optic neuropathy in giant cell arteritis","volume":"12","author":"Danyel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69254-4","article-title":"Central nervous system injury associated with cardiac surgery","volume":"368","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2010.59.1.61","article-title":"Transient cortical blindness after heart surgery in a child patient\u2014A case report-","volume":"59","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.1532\/HSF98.20081014","article-title":"Transient Bilateral Cortical Visual Loss after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in a Normotensive Risk-Free Patient","volume":"11","author":"Bagheri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Surg. Forum"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73365-3","article-title":"The Pattern of Optic Nerve Fiber Loss in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"100","author":"Quigley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200306000-00012","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","volume":"23","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"203","article-title":"Histopathologic studies of ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"98","author":"Knox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.06.070","article-title":"FLOSEAL Versus SURGIFLO in Lumbar Surgery: Similar Outcomes, Different Costs in a Matched Cohort Analysis","volume":"177","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.04.058","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of High-Dose Tranexamic Acid in Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Single-Institution Series","volume":"177","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221148686","article-title":"Is High-Dose Tranexamic Safe in Spine Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Akosman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.670","article-title":"Chronic cortical visual impairment in children: Aetiology, prognosis, and associated neurological deficits","volume":"83","author":"Huo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.11.035","article-title":"Perioperative Visual Loss in Cardiac Surgery","volume":"33","author":"Raphael","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesthesia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001533","article-title":"Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Cardiac Surgery: Incidence and Risk Factors in the United States from the National Inpatient Sample 1998 to 2013","volume":"126","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000264770.87038.83","article-title":"Unusual Cause of Postoperative Blindness","volume":"106","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2014.67.3.221","article-title":"Temporary postoperative visual loss associated with intracerebral hemorrhage after laparoscopic appendectomy: A case report","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Miller, N.R., Walsh, F.B., and Hoyt, W.F. (2005). Walsh and Hoyt\u2019s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08417-4","article-title":"Early diffusion-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla detects ischemic changes of the optic nerve in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Mournet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.50.6.285","article-title":"I. Ophthalmoscopic and circulatory changes in focal retinal ischaemia","volume":"50","author":"Dollery","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.25","article-title":"A review of central retinal artery occlusion: Clinical presentation and management","volume":"27","author":"Varma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.12.039","article-title":"Re: Saxena, R.; et al. Steroids versus No Steroids in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Ophthalmology 2018, 125, 1623\u20131627)","volume":"126","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.SPINE09516","article-title":"Prevention of facial pressure ulcers using the Mayfield clamp for sacral tumor resection","volume":"14","author":"Goodwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1051\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:59Z","timestamp":1760104739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13041051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13041051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}}}