{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:28:04Z","timestamp":1787740084825,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Perineal nodular induration (PNI) is a benign proliferation of the soft tissue in the perineal region that is associated with saddle sports, especially road cycling. The etiology has not been conclusively clarified; however, repeated microtrauma to the collagen and subcutaneous fat tissue by pressure, vibration and shear forces is considered a mechanical pathomechanism. In this context, chronic lymphedema resulting in the development of fibrous tissue has been suggested as an etiological pathway of PNI. The primary aim of this study was to introduce and elucidate a novel operative technique regarding PNI that is assisted by indocyanine green (ICG). In order to provide some context for this approach, we conducted a comprehensive review of the existing literature. This dual objective aimed to contribute to the existing body of knowledge while introducing an innovative surgical approach for managing PNI. Methods: We reviewed publications relating to PNI published between 1990 and 2023. In addition to the thorough review of the literature, we presented our novel surgical approach. We described how this elaborate approach for extensive cases of PNI involves surgical excision combined with tissue doubling and intraoperative ICG visualization for exact lymphatic vessel obliteration to minimize the risk of recurrence based on the presumed context of lymphatic congestion. Results: The literature research yielded 16 PubMed articles encompassing 23 cases of perineal nodular induration (PNI) or cyclist\u2019s nodule. Of these, 9 cases involved females, and 14 involved males. Conservative treatment was documented in 7 cases (30%), while surgical approaches were reported in 16 cases (70%). Notably, a limited number of articles focused on histopathological or radiological characteristics, with a shortage of structured reviews on surgical treatment options. Only two articles provided detailed insights into surgical techniques. Similarly to the two cases of surgical intervention identified in the literature research, the post-operative recovery in our ICG assisted surgical approach was prompt, meaning a return to cycling was possible six weeks after surgery. At the end of the observation period (twelve months after surgery), regular scar formation and no signs of recurrence were seen. Conclusion: We hope that this article draws attention to the condition of PNI in times of increasing popularity of cycling as a sport. We aimed to contribute to the existing body of knowledge through our thorough review of the existing literature while introducing an innovative surgical approach for managing PNI. Due to the successful outcome, the combination of tissue doubling, intraoperative ICG visualization and postoperative negative wound therapy should be considered as a therapeutic strategy in cases of large PNI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T08:02:17Z","timestamp":1708070537000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How to Treat a Cyclist\u2019s Nodule?\u2014Introduction of a Novel, ICG-Assisted Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julius M.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2013-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie I.","family":"Spies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla K.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Spital Thurgau, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7049-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Zubler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Loucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Spital Thurgau, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2324-9813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Holzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Spital Thurgau, 8500 Frauenfeld, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(09)72929-1","article-title":"Perineal nodular induration in cyclists","volume":"100","author":"Carneroa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E244","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.4169","article-title":"Surgical excision of perineal nodular induration: A cyclist\u2019s third testicle","volume":"11","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. 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