{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T17:00:46Z","timestamp":1762102846108,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The objective of this study is to establish a potential correlation between postoperative improvement in upper eyelid ptosis, measured by the marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1), and the immediate postoperative degrees of lagophthalmos (IPDL). The established correlation is then used to assess whether IPDL can be used as a reliable indicator of successful treatment of eyelid ptosis. Methods: This retrospective study involved 19 patients, aged 1 to 11, with a total of 28 eyes affected by ptosis, who underwent surgery under general anesthesia at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. We monitored the MRD1 of the patients for over six months postoperatively and measured the IPDL. Results: After ptosis correction surgery, no statistically significant correlation was observed between the improvement in MRD1 and IPDL. Furthermore, the degree of postoperative eyelid ptosis improvement was found to vary and was not consistently sustained, attributable to a range of factors. Conclusions: Our study did not establish a statistically significant correlation between IPDL and ptosis improvement as measured by MRD1. Further research is needed to draw definitive conclusions about their correlation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13041173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1708339215000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the Correlation between Ptosis Improvement and Immediate Postoperative Lagophthalmos following Blepharoptosis Surgery under General Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jae Hoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4368-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.43","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of blepharoptosis in Korean adult population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008\u20132011","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.026","article-title":"Incidence and demographics of childhood ptosis","volume":"118","author":"Griepentrog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12124","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012124","article-title":"Ptosis in childhood: A clinical sign of several disorders: Case series reports and literature review","volume":"97","author":"Pavone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.264","article-title":"The psychological well-being and appearance concerns of patients presenting with ptosis","volume":"28","author":"Richards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.12.015","article-title":"Amblyopia in childhood eyelid ptosis","volume":"155","author":"Griepentrog","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31818ab497","article-title":"Effect of surgical correction of congenital ptosis on amblyopia","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2014.01.005","article-title":"Congenital ptosis","volume":"59","author":"SooHoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.11.1282","article-title":"Aetiology and surgical treatment of childhood blepharoptosis","volume":"86","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2017.1337191","article-title":"Timing of surgical correction for the treatment of unilateral congenital ptosis: Effects on cosmetic and functional results","volume":"36","author":"Sposato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598631","article-title":"Pediatric Blepharoptosis","volume":"31","author":"Jubbal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2020.09.002","article-title":"Update on anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmic surgery","volume":"21","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2136","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002136","article-title":"Three Different Anesthesia Approaches in Blepharoptosis Surgery","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.63073","article-title":"Current techniques in surgical correction of congenital ptosis","volume":"17","author":"Allard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007761","article-title":"Minimal Dissection Direct Frontalis Muscle Advancement Flap for Congenital Ptosis Repair","volume":"32","author":"Dallalzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0982-0","article-title":"Determination of the Amount of Ptosis Correction in Levator Resection Surgery for Pediatric Congenital Ptosis","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1081-z","article-title":"Lagophthalmos after congenital ptosis surgery: Comparison between maximal levator resection and frontalis sling operation","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e569","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001304","article-title":"Accuracy of Marginal Reflex Distance Measurements in Eyelid Surgery","volume":"26","author":"Nemet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Koka, K., and Patel, B.C. (2023). Ptosis Correction, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-003-0127-5","article-title":"Ptosis: Causes, presentation, and management","volume":"27","author":"Finsterer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2011.08.006","article-title":"The association of refractive error, strabismus, and amblyopia with congenital ptosis","volume":"15","author":"Srinagesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1975.01010020595007","article-title":"Muller muscle-conjunctiva resection. Technique for treatment of blepharoptosis","volume":"93","author":"Putterman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of conjoint fascial sheath suspension and frontalis muscle suspension in treating moderate or severe congenital ptosis and the effects on ocular surface and refractive status","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.07.023","article-title":"Prediction of postoperative eyelid height after frontalis suspension using autogenous fascia lata for pediatric congenital ptosis","volume":"153","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001250","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Hering\u2019s Law on Outcomes of Surgical Correction of Ptosis","volume":"80","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010091","article-title":"Frontalis suspension surgery in upper eyelid blepharoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19038","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019038","article-title":"Mild to moderate blepharoptosis correction: Outcomes of levator aponeurosis posterior layer plication","volume":"99","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, L., Ricciardi, W., Sheridan, S., and Tartaglia, R. (2021). Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59403-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008838","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Lagophthalmos and Lid Lag After Simple Congenital Blepharoptosis Correction","volume":"34","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.10.040","article-title":"The anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis in blepharoptosis correction","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.12.013","article-title":"Factors Associated with Surgical Outcomes in Congenital Ptosis: A 10-Year Study of 319 Cases","volume":"175","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1173\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:02:14Z","timestamp":1760104934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/4\/1173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13041173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13041173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]}}}